LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



Chap. Copyright No. 

ShelfllSlOS 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 




S a 



LIFE IN JAPAN 




Life in Japan 



As Seen 

Through a Missionary's Spectacles 

in the Twilight 

of the 



19th ( entury..... 



By 
ELLA GARDNER 



Cumberland 
Presbyterian 
Publishing 
House 

Nashville 
Tennessee 



TWO COPIES RECEIVED, 

Library of Cengrei* 
Office of thf 

APR 3 01900 

Keglotor of Copyrights, 
SECOND COPY, (2^4 , Cj } /? tHO 



61424 



Copyrighted in 1900 

by the Board of Publication of the 

Cumberland Presbyterian Church. 




<$\ 






G> 




Chapter 


I. 


Chapter 


II. 


Chapter 


III. 


Chapter 


IV. 


Chapter 


V. 


Chapter 


VI. 


Chapter 


VII. 


Chapter VIII. 


Chapter 


IX. 


Chapter 


X. 


Chapter 


XI. 


Chapter 


XII. 


Chapter 


XIII. 


Chapter 


XIV. 



Page 

Introduction 1 

Geography 11 

Government 20 

A Trip from Osaka to Karuizawa 26 

Farmers 39 

Flowers 44 

Customs : Etiquette for Eadies : Courtshtp and 

Marriage 51 

Festivals and Funerals 68 

English- Japanese Etymology 71 

Religions ^ 

Allied Presby-terian Churches and Mission 

Schools (Church of Christ in Japan) 94 

Cumberland Presbyterian Missionaries : Their 

Field and Work 105 

Wilmina Girls' School 153 

Home Life of Missionaries 165 

Foreign Missions 175 

v 




Illustrations 

Page 
Frontispiece — View of Yokohama Near Bay . . 

Map of Routes to Japan ... 1 

The Golden Gate at San Franeiseo 1 

Sailboat 2 

Customhouse at Yokohama '. 3 

Mineral Well and Bathhouse at Arima 4 

Riding in a Jinrikiska 5 

In the Foreign Concession of Koba 6 

View of Kobe from the Bay 6 

Osaka Depot 7 

Arima 7 

Miss Morgan in a Kago 8 

Map of Japan 11 

Natural Stone Bridge near Tanabe 11 

A Waterfall..-. 12 

Stony River Bed with a Dam 12 

Bamboo Grove 13 

Railroad Tunnel Near the Sea, Mount Fuji in 

the Distance 14 

Mount Fuji 15 

Elevated Crossing for Passengers 17 

Imperial Mint, Osaka 18 

His Majesty, the Emperor of Japan 20 

Her Majesty, the Empress of Japan 21 

Japanese Legislators 22 

Exterior of Legislative Hall 23 

Interior of Legislative Hall 23 

Young Japan 25 

Rice Fields 26 

A Wayside Shrine 27 

A Thatch-roofed Village 27 

Entrance to Palace Grounds 28 

Nagoya Castle, with Moat and Mall 28 

Diabutsu (Great Buddha ) at Nara 29 

Temple Gate God 29 

Island of Enoshima 30 

Temple Gate at Nikko 30 

Main Street in Tokyo 31 

Interior of a Shinto Temple 32 

Shinbashi Station, Tokyo 33 

Entrance to Shiba Temple Park 33 

Specimen of Wood Carving on the Outside of 

Nikko Temple 34 

Inner Moat Near the Emperor's Palace, Tokyo. 35 

The Sacred Bridge 36 

Ueno Park— Japanese Tables Substituted for 

Our Benches 37 

Ueno Park— Noted for Its Cherry Blossoms — 38 

Transplanting Rice 39 

Cutting Rice and Putting it to Dry 40 

Combing the Heads Off of Rice 40 

Pounding the Hull off of the Rice 41 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



Vll 




Page 

Loquot 41 

_ A Field of Rice 42 

seSsJMk^^ A Lotus Flower 44 

X&^S*^* » Mother and Daughters Viewing Flowers 45 

i/'~^Yv. ^^ Cherry Blossoms 46 

- ' 2Z^r Wisteria Blossoms 47 

3 /" **» Park Garden in Tokyo 48 

A Japanese "Flower" 49 

A Tea House 50 

Women Sewing 51 

Carpenters at Work 52 

A Yoiuig Japanese Baby 54 

A Japanese Baby Dressed for a Visit 54 

Bowing 55 

View of Four Stores on a Furniture Street in Osaka 56 

Interior of a House 58 

A Hostess Entertaining 59 

Starching and Drying Clothes 60 

Readymade Clothing Store 61 

Drygoods Store 61 

Rear View of a Japanese Hotel .- 62 

Fruit Store 63 

Shoe Store 63 

Crockery Store. 64 

Pish Store 64 

Typical Street Scene in Osaka 65 

Doll Shelf During the Girls' Festival 68 

Street in Wakayama During the Boys' Festival 69 

Scenes on the River at Osaka During the Bon Festival 70 

A Japanese Houseboat 71 

Buddhist Cemetery 73 

Interior of a Buddhist Temple 74 

A Seaside Shrine 89 

A Buddhist Temple 90 

A Shinto Temple 91 

Image of Buddha at Kamakura 92 

River Near Nikko 95 

Teachers and Pupils of Wilmina School 97 

Tennoji Temple, Osaka 99 

Foreign Concession, Osaka 104 

Osaka Courthouse 105 

Canal in Osaka 106 

Osaka Customhouse 106 

West Church, Osaka 107 

Osaka West Church, Taken in Wilmina School Yard 108 

Osaka West Church Session 109 

Mrs. A. D. Hail and Osaka West Church Woman's Class 110 

Rev. and Mrs. J. B. Hail and Christians of Wakayama Church. . . Ill 

Osaka East Church 112 

Wakayama Woman's Class at Work 112 

Miss Agnes Morgan and Her Class of Girls 113 

Scene on the Bay Near Wakayama 114 

Osaka East Church Woman's Class with Mrs. A. D. Hail 115 

Session of Osaka East Church 117 

Fishermen Hauling in their Net on the Beach Near Tanabe 118 

Shingu Church and Sunday School 120 



Vlll 



ILLUSTRATIONS 




Page 

On the Coptic's Deck 121 

On the Coptic's Upper Deck 121 

SunsetatSea 122 

A Bough Sea 122 

One I Met in Japan 123 

Tanabe Church, Christmas, 1888 124 

Dr. J. B. Hail and Tanabe Church 125 

Miss Leavitt and Her Helper with the Boys' English Class, Tanabe. . 126 

Miss Leavitt Teaching Bible Class in Tanabe '. 127 

Rev. H, Ito, Pastor of Tanabe Church 128 

Dr. A. D. Hail and Family 129 

Center Chapel, Osaka 131 

Rev. G. G. Hudson and Family 132 

Rev. and Mrs. G. G. Hudson with Japanese "Workers and Sunday 

School Class from Center Chapel 133 

Evangelist in Nara 135 

Miss Sallie Alexander and Her Helper 136 

Adjiknwa Chapel 138 

Rev. and Mrs. G. W. Van Horn with "Workers and Sunday School 

Class of Adjikawa Chapel 139 

Rev. and Mrs. G. "W. Van Horn 141 

Church at Tsu, Ise 142 

Mrs. A. M. Drennan r 143 

Normal School at Tsu, Ise 144 

Silk Spinning Mill, Tsu, Ise 144 

The J. B. Hail Family 145 

Miss Ella Gardner 146 

Miss Julia Leavitt 146 

Mrs. N. A. Lyon 147 

Miss Agnes Morgan 147 

Miss Sallie Alexander 148 

Miss Jennie Freeland 148 

Rev. K. Banno, Pastor Tsu, Ise, Church 149 

Rev. and Mrs. J. C. Worley 151 

Wihnina. Girls' School, Osaka 152 

Miss Freeland and Wihnina School Girls 154 

End of Middle Island, Osaka 159 

Wihnina Graduates 161 

A Wilmina Graduate 162 

The Yaoya (Groceryman) 167 

"Waterfall at Arima 171 

Interdenominational Missionary Conference at Arima, 1896 172 

Hotel at Arima : 173 

National Christian Endeavor Convention Held in Osaka, 1895 174 

Avenue Leading to Temple in Nara 176 

Parade During a Religious Festival in Tokyo 177 

Traveling Priests 179 

Image of Buddha at Katsuoji 180 

Images in a Temple 180 

Pilgrims Going to Worship 181 

Young Men's Christian Association Building, Osaka 182 

Temple Gate and God 183 

Images on a Temple Wall 184 



ON.TEO STATES 




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1 



P. 

03 
1-3 



CO ft 

43 ft 

ft 3 

<» o 

o 




Introduction 

IN THE ,24th of June, 1893, in company with 
the Misses Leavitt and Freeland, I sailed 
from San Francisco on the steamer City of 
Peking, going to Japan. From the deck we 
had such a splendid view of San Francisco 
that after passing through the Golden Gate we were still 
loth to g - o indoors, and remained until all land views, save 
the mountains in the distance, had faded away. Darkness 
soon settled down upon us, and by morning we saw noth- 
ing but a broad sheet of water bounded by the horizon, 
except that for one day a few birds were visible. From 
then until the 10th of July there was nothing to be seen 
except an occasional whale, whose flouncing out of the water 
served to break the monotony. It was my opinion then that 
if those persons who contend that there never was a whale 
large enough to swallow Jonah had been near, they would 
have been ready to crawl to the furthest corner of the ship, 
satisfied to view it from a distance. 

The first evening- out I succumbed to the steamship 
epidemic. I did not stay to dinner, being- too dizzy to sit 
and see the table move before me, but went upstairs and 
enjoyed my meal while lying on the couch, 
meals were lost the 
first few days, I was 
always ready with a 
relish for the next 
one, and thought I was 
a fairly good sailor. 
But at nine o'clock 
that first evening I 
was quite sick, and 
had to be assisted to 
my berth. At that 
late hour I thoug-ht of 



Although some 



HBr* 






THE GOLDEN GATE. 



2 EXPLORING THE CITY OF PEKING- 

the chewing- gum in my valise, which some friend had 
warned me to take and chew to prevent seasickness, and 
asked Miss Leavitt to get it for me. I do not know what 
good it might have done had it been tried earlier, but at 
that stage it served to bring- matters to a sudden climax. 
I spent the next day (Sunday) in a very quiet manner, sit- 
ting- out on deck, heavily robed, for it was quite cold. From 
then until near the end of the journey the trip was enjoyed. 

By the middle of the voyage we had g-otten so far ahead 
of time that one day was dropped. We went to sleep Sun- 
day nig-ht and awoke Tuesday morning, the Fourth of July. 
We were loyal citizens of our beloved country, and after 
seeing the captain and other officers seated at the table 
where a bountiful Fourth of July dinner was spread, with a 
Portuguese gentleman at the piano, we sang "My Country, 
'T is of Thee, Sweet Land of Liberty," then passed on to 
the table amid cheers. The dinner could scarcely have 
been surpassed on land. 

Not having- opportunity to go out of that "City," we 
explored it from north to south, from east to west, from gar- 
ret to cellar. At 8 o'clock one evening, in company with 
our stewardess and the chief engineer, we descended into 
the deep, ten or fifteen feet below the water's edg-e, and 
went through the engine rooms, and to the firing room, coal 
bin, and shaft alley. It must be awful to live in such places, 
scarcely ever seeing- the lig-ht of da}\ There were ten or 
twelve men shoveling coal and feeding the furnace all the 
time. We were told that these 
men worked four hours and were 
then off eight hours, but spent 
most of the time resting- and 
sleeping, so there was not much 
enjoyment for them. It was so 
warm that we did not care to 
stay long. One day the deck 



SAIL BOAT. 
The First Thing I Saw Was the White Sail. 




CUSTOM HOUSE, YOKOHAMA. 
We Handed Over Our Keys. 



THE SHIP'S COMPLEMENT 3 

force was called out for fire 
drill, and I asked how many 
men it required to run the ship 
and was told thirty, meaning 
the deck men. I knew no bet- 
ter than this until the visit 
below, when I found that there 
were more men under the water 
than above. I asked again and 
found that the whole number of employees was one hundred 
and fifty-two. 

After seeing- the enormous machinery, and the number 
of men it required to propel us through the vast expanse of 
water, I could not help exclaiming, "What dependent crea- 
tures we are ! dependent on humanity, and above all, so de- 
pendent on Him who stilled the tempest in days of old, and 
who is before us smoothing the way, for surely our prayers, 
and those of our loved ones for us, have been answered." 
One could not wish for a smoother and pleasanter voyage 
than ours, thus far. We were "rocked in the cradle of the 
deep," but too g-ently to produce any amount of unpleasant- 
ness. For twelve days all was calm. The water the greater 
part of the time looked like a sea of glass. On Friday morn- 
ing, July 7, the sea began to show signs of disturbance, and 
by the middle of the afternoon we were in the midst of a 
furious storm. For thirty-six hours we were rolled and 
pitched and tossed by the wind and waves. All windows 
and doors were firmly fastened and loose furniture secured. 
We could make our way around only by holding- fast to the 
iron railings, and I soon went to my berth and staid there 
until the storm abated. With the assistance of boards a 
foot wide we were enabled to stay in our berths by holding 
on tighthy. Every rock of the vessel turned our bodies 
completely over in our berths ; one roll faced us toward the 
window and the next one toward the wall. I longed to go to 



ARRIVAL AT YOKOHAMA— 



night 



I 
the 



sleep, but eould not for turning over. The second 
wedged myself in with pillows so that I moved with 
vessel and slept soundly. 

Sunday morning came with bright sunshine that bright- 
ened faces too. We had just enough bitter with the sweet 
to know what sea life was. Monday morning land was 
sighted. Everything was put aside, and every eye strained 
to see what it could discover. The captain pointed out to 
us the beautiful mountain Fuji, but our eyes could not see it 
and we concluded that he knew just where it should be and 
saw it partially with his mind's eye. The first thing I spied 
was the white sail en a little fishing boat. I did not know 
what it was, and as the others could not see it, they thought 
it imagination ; but on getting nearer it became more dis- 
tinct. There were hundreds of them here and there. It 
was indeed a pretty sight, especially so to the eyes that had 
seen nothing but water for two weeks. By noon we could 
see land plainly. We staid indoors scarcely long enough to 
eat, we were so anxious to see the sights. At three in the 
afternoon our ship anchored at Yokohama and hundreds of 
sampans (little boats) came to take passengers and baggage 
ashore. From each boat the men were calling and shouting, 
but it all seemed a "Babel" to me. Not a word could I un- 
derstand. From that moment I felt that I was a stranger 
in a strange land. 

We were soon made to feel welcome. When the little 
boats could get near 
enoug'h to allow their pas- 
sengers to reach our ves- 
sel, we heard our names 
called, and found that one 
of the hotel men had been 
previously advised of our 
coming, and requested to 
meet us and take care of 




MINERAL WELL AND BATH HOUSE AT AEIMA. 



GREETINGS FROM FRIENDS 



us during our stay in Yokohama. He also brought letters 
of greeting from all our dear missionaries who were so anx- 
iously awaiting us further on. These earnest letters of 
welcome will never be forgotten. 

We were soon in one of the little boats, baggage and all, 
and rowed to the custom house, where we handed over our 
keys, but having nothing which was dutiable we were soon 
through, and were asked to step into jinrikishas, where we 




RIDING EST A JINRIKISHA, 
Where We Felt Very Much Like Overgrown Babies. 

felt very much like overgrown babies being pulled about by 
men, but we soon forgot that, there were so many strange 
things to see. 

After spending a day and night in Yokohama, we took 
passage on the Saikyo Maru, a Japanese steamer, to Kobe, 
the port twenty miles from our distination, Osaka. From 
Yokohama to Osaka, a distance of over three hundred miles, 
we have choice of g'oing - by steamer or train. I preferred 









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ifjiffS i^JHl'"*"^ I': ™ 


fflPCnf^*^^! 


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t 









WELCOMED BY NATIVE 



IN THE FOREIGN CONCESSION OP KOBE. 
The Large Building is the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank. 



to go by train, for when 
my feet touched land they 
wanted to stay there. 
Going overland necessi- 
tated waiting to procure 
traveling passports, and it 
was a more expensive trip 
owing to the amount of 
baggage we had, so the majority decided it would be better 
to take the steamer. I being - the minority had to submit. 

The trip was a very quiet one. We were near the coast 
all the time, and I have never seen anything prettier than 
the green, terraced hills, starting it seemed from the water's 
edge. 

We reached Kobe Wednesday afternoon, and very soon 
spied Dr. A. D. Hail and the Misses Morgan in a little boat 
making their way toward us. We were soon in their care, 
and were taken ashore to the depot, where we had quite a 
pleasant chat while waiting for the train Having only a 
distance of twenty miles to go by train, we reached Osaka 
before night. There we found the rest of our mission 
friends at the depot ready to greet us, and as soon as it was 
known that we had arrived, many of the native Christians 
came to bid us welcome. The weather- also was quite warm 
in its reception. My first night spent in Osaka was an en- 
tirely sleepless one, because of the heat and the mosqui- 





VIEW OF KOBE FROM THE BAY. 



CHRISTIANS 




OSAKA DEPOT. 
Our Friends Met Us Here. 



toes. I had never been accus- 
tomed to a mosquito-net, and 
was not at all skillful with the 
management of it. Tarrying 
here only long enough to repack 
trunks and get what we needed 
for the hot weather, we went immediately to Arima, a little 
village in the mountains twenty miles from Osaka, where 
we rented a house, and were soon at home to our friends. 
In this mountain trip we were made acquainted with another 
novel way of travel, being carried in a kago, or basket chair. 
With Miss Leavitt and her faithful helper, Miss Yone 
Kawashima (better known here as O Yone San), as teachers, 
Miss Freeland and I began the study of the native lan- 
guage ; we soon found that we need never be out of employ- 
ment. I progressed so fast that in a few days I ordered 
for my breakfast, a letter (tegami) on toast, when I wanted 
an eg'g (tomago), and surprised the Misses Leavitt and Duf- 




ARTTVTA. 



















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8 



EXPERIENCES ON 



MISS MORGAN" EST A KAGO. 



field at the table bj passing- a 
dish, of fried eggplant (nasubi) 
to them, and asking them to 
please have some of the rat 
(nezumi). 

A few weeks later we were 
permanently located in Osaka. 
I went to Japan with the inten- 
tion of remaining - seven years 
before returning home for a 
visit, but on account of failing- 
health (nervous prostration, 
caused primarily by the need 
of glasses for astigmatism), was compelled to return at the 
expiration of half that period. 

My return trip was made in Januaiw, 1897. The 
weather was bad and the sea rough and heavy most of the 
time, but we had no storm. I was seasick for four days, 
but on the fifth day out succeeded in getting- on deck. 
There I was comfortably seated in a large, easy chair, and 
was lashed fast to the railing- by a rope passed around me, 
chair and all. ~By this time I had gotten used to the rolling 
and enjoyed watching the waves pile up and dash and splash 
into white foam. Sometimes it seemed like they stood as a 
wall fifty feet high, then broke into a surging white foam, 
sending the spraj' into our faces. This was a beautiful 
sight, and although I would almost catch my breath, think- 
ing that the waves might give us a drenching-, I enjoyed it 
thoroughly. Hour after hour and day after day this was 
my sole occupation. My eyes would not bear reading- and I 
was too tired to care to enter into the life around me. The 
quiet rest proved beneficial, and I felt better at the end of 
the journey than at the beginning-. We were out fourteen 
days, and the greatest distance traveled in one day was 
349 miles. 



THE OCEAN— RETURN TO JAPAN 9 

God blessed the efforts of physicians and friends so 
that my health was restored and I was able to return in 
company with Dr. Kelly, our new missionary to China, and 
Mr. and Mrs. Worley, the re-enforcements for Japan. We 
reached Yokohama October 18, 1899, after a fairty pleasant 
voyage. Several of our missionaries met us at Kobe and 
the remainder greeted us at Osaka. Mrs. Drennan's flock 
of turkeys furnished a Thanksgiving feast for the body, 
while we looked into each other's faces and exchanged ideas 
concerning- the Occident and the Orient. 

My knowledge of the language seemed to return as I 
heard it used. How good it seemed to be in my old home at 
the school once more! At the annual mission meeting it 
was decided that I should go to Wakayama, instead of Miss 
Morgan, who resumed her place as principal of Wilmina 
School, Miss Freeland having - resigned. 

This little volume has been prepared especially for the 
purpose of increasing- the interest of the women and chil- 
dren of the church in worldwide evangelization. Realizing- 
that we are more interested in people when we know them, 
I have endeavored with pen and picture to bring Japan 
close to you ; to help you sympathize with the women of 
Japan who live without the blessings which come from 
knowing our God ; to show you just how your representa- 
tives on the field are spreading the knowledge of the 
truth. If reading these pages does not strengthen the bond 
of sympathy between you and the Japanese church, and 
awaken keener interest in the unsaved of Japan, the book 
will have failed in its purpose. Oh ! that all Christians 
would love, pray, give, and go until God reigms supreme 
throughout the world ! 

I am indebted to our missionaries and the native Chris- 
tians of Japan, who kindly responded to nry requests for 
photographs and needed information. Also to Miss Lulu 
M. Durham, who has so patiently taken my lead pencil 



10 THANKS TO FRIENDS 

scratches and put theni into readable shape with the 
typewriter; to Rev. H. D. Onyett, D.D., and Mrs. Netta 
M. Bergen, for valuable assistance rendered by reading 
and criticising - my manuscript, and again to Mrs. Bergen 
for proof reading - . 

The pictures used, excepting a few of individual mis- 
sionaries, were all taken by Japanese photographers in the 
cities and towns mentioned below the cuts. The most of 
them were collected during my residence in Japan. 

The following books and periodicals have been con- 
sulted and quoted from : 

History of the Empire of Japan, Department of Edu- 
cation, Tokyo, Japan ; The Mikado's Empire, W. E. Griffis ; 
Things Japanese, Basil Hall Chamberlain ; Handbook of 
Colloquial Japanese, Basil Hall Chamberlain; Engdish Jap- 
anese Etymology, William Embrie ; Japan Evang-elist, Rev. 
J. E. Hoy; Japan and Its Rescue, Rev. A. D. Hail, D.D. ; 
Annual Report of the Council of Missions Co-operating- 
with the Church of Christ in Japan ; Cumberland Presbyte- 
rian, Nashville, Tenn. ; Missionary Record, St. Louis, Mo. 



In pronouncing Japanese words sound vowels accord-, 
ing to the following table : 

a as in father. 

e as a in name. 

i as e in me. 

o as o in mote. 

u as oo in mood. 
Japanese words have little or no accent. Each syllable 
ends with a vowel or with the letter n or in. Consonants 
are sounded about as in English. G is hard, eh pronounced 
as in child. 




JAPAN 




Chapter I 

Geography 

HE Japanese Empire consists of a group of islands ly- 
ing off the eastern coast of Asia. Their eastern bor- 
der is washed by the Pacific Ocean, the northwestern 
by the Sea of Japan, and the southwestern by the 
China Sea. They lie between 50° 56' and 24° 6' north 
latitude. The total area of the country is 146,500 
square miles; population, 42,270,620. The four larg- 
est islands are Hondo, Hokkaido, Kiushiu, and Shikoku. 
Hondo, the main island, comprises more than half the total 
area. In our geographies it is called Nippon, but that is 
the name of the country as a whole. It is only of late years 
that the main island has had any name to desigmate it. 
When nothing was known of the outside world it was the 
"kuni" (country), and needed no name. All the others 
were named. Hokkaido, formerly called Yezo, lies north of 
the main island, Kiushiu and Shikoku to the southwest of it. 
The people are of the Mongolian race. Those who work 
out in the sun are of a dark brown hue, while women of the 
higher classes are often as light compleetioned as their Cau- 
casian sisters. All have dark hair and eyes. They are 
small of stature ; the averag'e height of men is five feet two 
inches, and the women are under five feet, though both 
sexes have some tall representatives. 

Japan is a mountain- 
ous country. The high- 
est peak is Mt. Fuji, a 
magnificent mountain, 14,- 
000 feet above the sea. 
It is almost a perfect 
cone, so symmetrical that 
the people speak of it as 
"the great rice heap" of 




NATURAL STONE BRIDGE NEAR TANABE. 



11 




12 



MOUNTAINS- 



Japan, for it looks like a 
measure of rice poured out. 
It always wears a cap of 
snow. The next morning 
after reaching the country 
I saw the snow-capped sum- 
mit, but not until a }*ear 
later did I know anything at 
all of the beauty of Fuji. 
Traveling from Yokohama 
to Osaka by train on a beau- 
tiful moonlight night I be- 
held ' it in all its glory. 
There was nothing to mar 
the vision. For miles we 
traveled around its base, 
and from the level on which 
we were, we could see dis- 
tinctly clear to the top. It was simply grand. 

Many of the mountains are active volcanoes. Fuji is 
said to be extinct now, but there are places where steam 
comes out continually, and the rocks around the crater are 
always hot. Its crater is two and a half miles in circumfer- 
ence, and from four to five hundred feet deep. 

The next highest mountains are Mitake (10,700 feet), 



A WATERFALL 




STONY RIVER BED WITH DAM. 
The River Covers the Entire Bed During a Heavy Rain. 



RIVERS AND LAKES 



13 




BAMBOO GROVE. 

Akaishi (10,214 feet), Shirane (10,212 feet), Komagatake 
(9,905 feet). Owing to its mountainous character, the coun- 
try is very pretty, abounding - in beautiful streams, lakes, 
and waterfalls. Its rivers are not long (the longest being- 
407 miles), but those whose waters come leaping and bound- 
ing down over rocky beds, dashing- and splashing in g-reat 
white foam, are beautiful. On the plains the rivers are often 
nothing more than wide stretches of country covered with 
stones and pebbles, until a heavy rain comes, which soon 
makes them impassable streams for days. 

The principal trees of the country are pine, bamboo, 
maple, peach, plum, cherry, wild camelia, beech, catalpa, 
willow, cryptomeria, palm, camphor, oak and lacquer. The 
lacquer tree is a species of sumach. The juice which exudes 
from the tree upon tapping is what is used in making the fine 
lacquer work for which Japan is noted. The mixture is 
poisonous when damp, but after it is dry is not. Lacquered 
dishes are used for hot vegetables. 



14 



THE CLIMATE OF JAPAN- 



The climate of Japan in different localities varies as 
much as our own. The whole group of islands, including 
the Loochoo on the south and the Kuriles on the north, cov- 
ers 26° of latitude. The four large islands named above 
cover about 15°. The cold ocean current from the north 
washing the northwestern shores, and the warm current 
from the south the southeastern modify the climate. The 
Pacific side is much warmer than the other. Elevation also 
affects the climate. Hokkaido and the northwestern part of 
the main island are quite cold, with long, severe winters. 
Heavy snows lie on the ground for months. 

The central part of the main 
island is warm, and the further 
south one goes the warmer cli- 
mate he finds, though no part is 
tropical. Our Cumberland Pres- 
byterian mission field lies be- 
tween 33° and 35° north latitude, 
on the Pacific side. Our winters 
are cold because of dampness; 
the summers are hot and oppres- 
sive for the same reason. In 
Osaka, where I lived, the g'round 
seldom froze more than an inch or two, and thawed out 
every daj^, if the sun shone. We had one snow possibly four 
inches deep during my residence there. The climate of 
Tsu, Ise, is slightly cooler. Our other stations are all fur- 
ther south, therefore warmer, though being well situated on 
bays they have more invigorating climates and are more 
healthful places of residence. The Foreign Concession of 
Osaka is poorly located for health, being in the delta of the 
Yodo river, which is the lowest part of the city. 

As the country is surrounded by water it has a very 
damp climate, which is not at all congenial to foreigners who 
have been reared in a dry atmosphere. The dampness and 




RAILROAD TUNNEL NEAR THE SEA. 
Mt. Fuji in the Distance. 




MOISTURE AND TYPHOONS 15 

the heat to- 
gether are 
weakening, 
and trying on the 
nervous system. The 
moisture is so great during 
the summer season when the rain- 
fall is abundant, that books, shoes, 
kid gloves, and other things about the 
house mold. After heavy rain, especially in 
the mountains, as soon as the sun appears, all 

MT. FUJI. < x L 

clothing - , bedding, books, etc., must be put out 
in the sun and air to dry. At times when the rain con- 
tinues for days, we have been obliged to make fires in the 
hibachi (braziers) and place them under our wire cots, and 
then spread out clothing- and bedding- over them to dry. 
Matches get so they will not ignite. We sometimes 
place the box under our pillow to keep them dry. Jap- 
anese matches will not strike fire on anything- but the 
box, because part of the preparation is on the match and 
part on the box. Stamps must be carefully placed between 
sheets of oiled paper, or the Japanese hanshi, a thin, soft 
paper, answers as well, to prevent sticking together. En- 
velopes must be kept in tight boxes or they will be found 
sealed before you want them to be. We have tin cans and 
boxes for flour, crackers, cereals, coffee, tea, etc. The salt 
can often be dropped in liquid form rather than sprinkled. 
If not dropped it must be spread. 

Thunderstorms seldom occur except in mountainous 
districts and during- the hot weather. Typhoons are a yearly 
occurrence during the months of July, August, September, 
and October. They often do great damage inland besides 
destroying fishermen's villages and boats. They are feared 
as the western cyclone in this country. The mad waves 
come bounding- in from the sea and spend their fury on what- 



16 RAILWAY AND TELEGRAPH FACILITIES- 

ever comes in their way, the wind extending out over the 
land with the same madness. The time between the heavy 
gusts of wind is of short duration, corresponding - with the 
incoming wave. 

The tidal wave is also very destructive. It is said to 
be caused by an earthquake under the sea throwing- water 
up over the land. Whole villages and towns have been 
completely washed away by it. 

Earthquakes are a source of great annoyance, too. They 
are quite frequent and often destructive. During my resi- 
dence there I felt three distinct shocks. I do not mind 
being - tossed gently at sea, but to be rocked back and forth 
in a house, or to be awakened in the night by a sudden shake, 
is rather startling. For a few days after a good shake, 
every little disturbance about the house will attract one's 
attention and make him think that another is coming, but 
that feeling- soon wears off and earthquakes are forgotten 
until one really does come. 

Since the coast is indented by many bays and inlets, 
capes and peninsulas are numerous. No part of the coun- 
try is farther from the sea than 170 miles. It has been 
truly said that Japan is composed of mountains, valleys, 
and coast. 

Japan has more than two thousand miles of railway in 
operation. The first work was begun in 1870 on the short 
line connecting Yokohama, the seaport, with Tokyo, the cap- 
tal. It was completed in 1872. Another short line connect- 
ing Kobe, the seaport, and Osaka, was built soon after. In 
1889 the long line connecting these two short lines, and 
also extending to the extreme north and extreme south of 
the main island, was constructed. Since then many other 
short lines have been built. The country is not well suited 
to building railroads on account of its being- so mountainous ; 
there are necessarily a great many tunnels. In construct- 
ing the main long- road, the coast line was followed as nearly 



AX EXCELLENT POSTAL SYSTEM 



17 




ELEVATED CROSSING FOE PASSENGERS. 



as possible. It skirts around 
the base of the mountains, near 
the sea, then through a moun- 
tain, and out by the sea again, 
thus traversing many more 
miles than would be necessary if 
the land were level. The first 
work was superintended by Eng- 
lish engineers, but now the Jap- 
anese manage for themselves. 
The English system of railways is used. All passenger 
trains carry first, second, and third class coaches. First 
class, the rate is three sen per mile ; second class, two sen; 
third class, one sen per mile. The coaches are small and 
have side doors. The conductor conducts the train only, 
has nothing - to do with tickets. All passengers leaving - a 
station must pass through a gate and have tickets punched, 
then keep them until the end of the journey, where the gate- 
keeper takes them. At stations there is a double track and 
trains going - one direction use one track, those g'oing" in the 
other direction, the other. Passengers cross the track by 
an elevated road, and they must go up and down stairs 
either at the beginning- or at the end of the journey. 

All parts of the country are connected by telegraph 
and telephone. Japan entered the International Postal Un- 
ion in 1S79, and she now has an excellent postal system, 
with free mail delivery all over the country. Until within 
the last year her postage was based on the silver standard, 
but now gold is the basis. 

She has a gx>od national banking system ; besides there 
are private banks and a system of postal saving-s banks. 

The Imperial Mint was established in Osaka in 1868. 
Japanese currency consists of gold, silver, nickel, and 
copper coins and paper. 



18 



JAPANESE CURRENCY— 



■"*!¥*• 



>*•*■!■ 



W 



h^WMU^J&vaiiu&M 



r**sm&^m*m. 




IMPERIAL MINT, OSAKA. 



The Yen corresponds to our 


Dollar. 


Silver coins are 


1.00 Yen, 


The Sen corresponds to our 


Cent. 




.50 Sen, 


The Rin corresponds to our 


Mill. 




.20 " 


Gold coins are 20.00 Yen, 






.10 " 


10.00 " 






.05 " 


5.00 " 




Paper bills are 


50.00 Yen, 


2.00 " 






20.00 " 


1.00 " 






10.00 " 


Nickel coin is .OS Sen. 






5.00 " 


Copper coins are .02 " 






2.00 " 


.01 " 






1.00 " 


.005 Rin, 






.50 Sen, 


.002 " 






.20 " 



.001 " 

The Japanese yen varies in value ; is usually valued at 
about fifty cents United. States money. 

The public school system was established in the sixth 
year of Meiji (the present emperor's reign), twenty-seven 
years ago. There are more than fifty thousand elementary 
schools. Above these are several known as the higher mid- 
dle, the normal, and the commercial schools, the naval and 
military academies ; also a musical academy, as well as a 
technical, a nobles', an agricultural, a fine arts, and a blind 
and dumb school. The special institutions for the higher 
education of girls are the Peereses School and the higher 
normal, both at the capital. 



EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES 19 

The Imperial University in Tokyo is very fine. Cham- 
berlain says: "It includes six faculties, namely, law, liter- 
ature, science, engineering, medicine, and agriculture. The 
colleg-e of medicine is under exclusively German influence, 
though there are also Japanese professors. The other col- 
leges have professors of various nationalities, chiefly Jap- 
anese, German, and English." There are 177 professors 
and more than 1,800 students. The buildings are of modern 
architecture and quite up to date. The grounds are large, 
well arrang-ed and well kept. Besides the University build- 
ings proper, there are residences for the foreign profes- 
sors. A second university has just been established in 
Kyoto, the old capital. 

Newspapers, journals, and magazines of the empire 
number more than twelve hundred. 

The principal exports are silk, tea, copper, fish, cam- 
phor, matches, rice, tobacco, and curios. 

The following is a list of the large cities with number 
of inhabitants : 

Tokyo .' 1,406,928 

Osaka 900,000 

Kyoto 332,833 

Nagoya 246,821 

Kobe 193,499 

Yokohama 188,829 

Hiroshima 107,346 

Kanazawa 81,352 

Sendai 74,453 

Nagasaki 74,208 

Hakodate 70,821 

Fukuoka 61,335 

Tokushima 61,277 

Toyama 58,537 

Wakayatna 57,260 

Okayama .' 55,481 

Kagoshima. 54,694 

Kumamoto. ... 52,110 

Niigata . 50,875 

Sakai. 50,162 

Fukui. 43,176 

Shizuoka 39,726 

Akamageseki 36,839 

Kochi 35,775 



Chapter II 




Government 

HE government, formerly an absolute 
.monarchy, is now a limited one. In 
1889 the emperor of his own accord 
granted rights to the people by giv- 
ing them a constitution which es- 
tablished a Diet. There are two 
houses : the House of Lords, which 
is composed of nobility and any per- 
sons of merit whom the emperor 
chooses to honor with appointment ; and a lower house 
whose members are elected by and from the people who pay 
over fifteen yen (dollars) a year in taxes. 

"The administration is divided into ten departments: 
Imperial Household, Army, Navy, Interior, Foreign Af- 
fairs, Justice, Finance, 
Education, Commerce, 
Agriculture and Commu- 
nications (Postal and Tel- 
egraph). Each depart- 
ment is presided over by 
a minister of state, and 
these ministers, with the 
exception of household 
department, constitute 
the emperor's cabinet. 
The cabinet is responsible 
only to the emperor, by 
whom also each minister 
is appointed and dismissed 
at will. Besides the cabi- 
net, there is a privy coun- 
cil, whose function is to 
tender advice." — Cham- 
berlain. 




20 



HIS MAJESTY, THE EMPEROR OF JAPAN. 



HOW GOVERNED 



11 




All lands belong - to 
the throne, but the peo- 
ple hold leases for their 
claims, and transfers of 
these leases amount to 
the same as buying and 
selling in this country. 

The emperor ap- 
points the governors of 
provinces and all lower 
officials. He has the 
right to recall or put out 
of office anyone, either 
appointed or elected, and 
make new appointments 
or cause new elections. 

There is both a civil 
and criminal code of laws, 
with courts to administer 
them. These codes are modeled after the French laws. 

There were at the time I resided in Japan, besides 
Tokyo, the capital, six "treaty ports," open to foreign trade 
and residence. They were Yokohama, Kobe, Osaka, Naga- 
saki, Niigata, and Hakodate. In these places we foreigners 
could live without passports, and could also travel within 
"treaty limits," which is a distance of twenty-four and a 
half miles in any direction from a treaty port without pass- 
ports. The place of residence was a certain district set 
apart for that purpose, and was called the Foreign Conces- 
sion. The houses are built in European style, except that 
thej 7 " are plastered on the outside as well as the inside, and 
the roof is made of Japanese tiling. There are broad 
streets and paved sidewalks, and where there are a number 
of European residences, as is the case in most of these 
places, it is quite homelike. There was a council composed 



HER MAJESTY, THE EMPRESS OP JAPAN. 



22 



THE PASSPORT SYSTEM 



of representatives of the different nationalities living' there 
which controlled affairs. Outside of these concessions no 
foreigner could own property, neither could he rent except 
he be in the employ of the government. Missionaries liv- 
ing outside of the concession either held residence pass- 
ports, which were granted for teaching Engiish in a school 
recognized by the government, or they were guests of some 
of the native Christians during their stay. The person 
whose guest we were, became responsible for our conduct 



J 






4 

p 


y. -^ 

^» 1 
-J i 

Si 


4fc ' & 






aw* JE 


V g| 






3k >c^ ; ! Wr.. : 



JAPANESE LEGISLATORS. 

while there. He took our traveling passport to the proper 
authorities and asked permission for us to remain as his 
g-uest, he becoming our surety. Occasionally a passport 
was granted for teaching Christianity. Miss Sallie Alex- 
ander succeeded in getting one of this kind. 

When I first went to the country we could get a travel- 
ing- passport g - ood for only six months, and had to describe 
the route we wished to take. This was troublesome for 



IN JAPAN 



23 



those who traveled a great 
deal, especially for the 
gentlemen missionaries 
who made one trip into 
the interior in one direc- 
tion, and then had to come 
back home and wait until 
they could return that 
passport and get a new 
one for the next trip. 
Later ones were good for 
a year, and allowed us to 
go anywhere in the em- 
pire. The following is a copy of the English translation 
which was attached to the real passport. The real pass- 
port which was written in Japanese had to be returned on 
expiration. 




EXTERIOR OP LEGISLATIVE HALL, TOKYO. 



^ •— 


- 


wmr ' ' ~ot *1V 


■asp ^& . .fyp W -J8P3 


fc^*«,- "-- — — 


.vie 


'—"—'*• "»,".' . W Mj-g 


ptefr 






ffitBftil 







INTERIOR OP LEGISLATIVE HALL, TOKYO. 



24 WHAT THE PASSPORT REQUIRES— 

No. 252. Expires October 20, 1897. 

Legation of the United States, 

Tokyo, October 21, 1896. 
The bearer of this passport is expressly cautioned to observe in every 
particular the directions of the Japanese government printed in Japanese 
characters on the back of his passport, an English translation of which is 
given herewith, and he is expected to conduct himself in an orderly and 
conciliatory manner toward the Japanese authorities and people. 

Edwin Dun, 
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister 

Plenipotentiary of the United States. 
Name of Bearer, Miss Ella Gardner. 
Period for which this passport is granted, 12 months. 
This Passport must be returned to the U. S. Eegation upon expiration. 

Translation of the directions printed in Japanese on back of passport and to be 
borne in mind by citizens of the United States traveling' in the interior. 

I. The bearer of this passport must obey all local regulations while 
traveling in the interior. 

II. The passport must be returned to the Foreign Office as soon as pos- 
sible after its expiration. 

III. The bearer while traveling in the interior must produce this pass- 
port for inspection upon the request of any local official or police officer, or 
of the landlord of the inn at which he may lodge. Refusal for any reason so 
to produce it renders the bearer liable to be sent back to the nearest open port. 

IV. This passport is not transferable. 

V. The bearer of this passport is not permitted to trade or make contracts 
while in the interior. 

VI. The bearer is not permitted under this passport to rent houses or to 
reside in the interior. 

VII. Even those who have licenses to hunt are not permitted to discharge 
firearms or hunt game outside of the treaty limits. 

NOTE- — The local regulations above referred to forbid the following and 
similar acts : 

1. Traveling at night in a carriage without a light. 

2. Attending a fire on horseback. 

3. Disregarding notices of " No Thoroughfare." 

4. Rapid driving on narrow roads. 

5. Neglecting to pay ferry and bridge tolls. 

6. Injuring notice boards, house signs and mile posts. 

7. Scribbling on temples, shrines or walls. 

8. Injuring crops, shurbs, trees or plants on the roads or in the gardens. 

9. Trespassing on fields, inclosures or game preserves. 
10. Eigbting fires in woods or on hills or moors. 



A NEW ERA IN JAPAN 



25 



The year 1899 marked a new era in Japan. The new 
treaty between her and Western nations went into effect in 
July. By these the law of extraterritorialty was abolished, 
and the country as a whole is open to foreign trade and res- 
idence. Treaty ports and passports are now things of the 
past, and the forg-oing will be a remembrance only of what 
was under the old treaties. 




YOUNG JAPAN. 



Chapter III 



A Trip From Osaka to Kartmawa 

HE morning of July 5, 1894, after 
saying- our sayonaros (goodbyes), 
Miss Agnes Morgan and I, 
equipped with our baggage and 
noon lunch, boarded the train for 
Yokohama. Soon we were left 
alone in the car, at which we re- 
joiced. The air was fresh and 
cool, which made our trip a very 
pleasant one. The small green 
rice fields, ornamented around 
each edge with some other kind of grain 
which requires less water supply for its growth) 
looked like so many pieces of "crazy patchwork." 
The many workmen in stooping' posture, with large 
hats resembling inverted washbowls, and looking like so 
many g - igantie toadstools, were very picturesque. Here 




fc 




BICE FIELDS. 
26 



A THATCHED-ROOFED VILLAGE 



27 




and there we saw a village of 
thatch-covered houses, some of 
them with grass, flowers, and 
the homelike "old hen and 
chickens," -growing all over 
the roofs. The towering moun- 
tains covered with grass and 
pine trees, or terraced and cul- 
tivated half way to the top, 
presented a view that no pen 
can describe nor photographer 
picture. A little above Kyoto, Lake Biwa spreads out in 
all its beauty and grandeur, and for miles we could g - et 
glimpses of it from different points of view. Between Lake 
Biwa and Gifu our train was going- at its best speed, and as 
we crossed the Kiso River a gust of wind came that took 
my best hat out of the window, and I was left to make the 



A WAYSIDE SHRINE. 




THATCHED-ROOFED VILLAGE. 



28 



NAGOYA'S GRAND CASTLE— EVER-CHANGING 




ENTRANCE TO PALACE GROUNDS. 



rest of the jour- 
ney to Nagoya in 
purely Japanese 
style. We staid 
at Nagoya over 
night and visited 
the castle, which 
is one of the most 
noted in Japan. 
It is a five-story 
building, with 
two g - old fish, 
each measuring eighty-seven feet in heig'ht, glittering from 
its highest points. The fish alone are valued at one hun- 
dred and eighty thousand dollars. The grounds and outer 
building are used as the headquarters of the Nagoya garri- 
son now, the citadel alone being kept as a national monu- 
ment. With proper passport one can see the inside of the 
citadel, but having failed to provide ourselves with this we 
had to be 
content with 
seeing- the 
outside. 

Seven 
o'clock next 
morning we 
were at the 
station. In 
a very few 
minutes we 
found our- 
selves the 
■sole occu- 
pants of the 
car again. 

NAGOYA CASTLE WITH MOAT AND MALL. 
See the Fish Heads on Its Top. 




SCENERY 



29 



We greatly enjoyed the beautiful 
day and ever-changing scener)'. 
One new feature I noticed was wells 
of water about every fifty feet, for 
miles along- the road, very near the 
bay. From all these, men were 
drawing and carrying - water to 
their fields. Small men, with two 





DAJBUTSU (GREAT BUDDHA) AT NARA. 

large buckets suspended 
on poles acr.oss their 
shoulders, looked as if 
they would bend double 
under the weight. As we 
approached Yokohama the 
road was simply a succes- 
sion of tunnels. The in- 
tervals between showed 
very pretty scenes of 
mountain sides, covered 
with evergreens, gorges, 
and tiny but swiftly flow- 
ing - mountain streams. 

We reached Yokoha- 
ma at 8.30 o'clock, and, 
with ourselves and bag- 
gage in jinrikishas, made 
our way to the Missionary 
Hotel on the bluff, where 
we staid a few days. Dur- 
ing: this time we visited 



TEMPLE GATE GOD. 

The Worshiper Chews up His Paper Prayer and 

Throws at the Gate God. 




30 



A GRAND WORK 



ISLAND ENOSHIMA. 



Kamakura, or JSTara, once the 
thriving capital of Eastern 
Japan, but now only a small 
seaside village. The great 
Diabutsu, or bronze Buddha, 
which still stands, prevents 
the place from going- into obscurity. It is a large bronze 
image, forty-four feet high, and has a very calm, peaceful 
face. At one side there is a door, and on entering one finds 
a stairway leading into the head. It is said to be the grand- 
est work of art in the country. Thither many pilgrims go 
yearly to offer up prayers to Buddha. At the entrance to 
the sacred g-rounds is a gate, on each side of which is a 
large red image, inclosed by a fence. As the worshipers 
come into the temple yard they write their prayers on 
white paper and chew it into a wad which they throw at one 
of the images. If the ball sticks to the image they think 
their prayers for the day will be answered. At other 
places there are beautiful ponds of the lotus flower which 
they say Buddha loved. These flowers are held sacred and 




TEMPLE GATE AT NIKKO. 



OF ART— BEAUTIFUL PONDS OF THE LOTUS 



31 




MAIN STREET TOKYO. 



one cannot be bought. The grounds and surroundings are 
beautiful, but how much more beautiful would they become 
if in place of these images and temples, a temple were 
reared in which the people might gather to worship the 
God in heaven ! 

A few miles further down the coast is the island, or more 
properly the peninsula, of Enoshima. At lowutide it is 
connected with the mainland by a narrow strip of earth and 
rocks, but at high tide it is completely cut off from the 
mainland. The sea surg - es around it and the waves from 
each direction dash and clash together. There is a small 
village here whose inhabitants sell the shells and sponges 
gathered at low tide. At low tide we walked along the 
sandy strip, and up the one street of the village, over 
the top of the mountain, and then down on the other side. 
Here there is a cave one hundred and twenty-four yards 
deep, the height at the entrance being at least thirty feet, 



32 



A CAVE-TEMPLE— MORE 



but diminishing gradually toward the interior. We walked 
a little distance into the cave when a guide with lighted 
candles appeared and gave us each one. At about half its 
length, the cave is divided into two sections. One is de- 
voted to the Buddhist god, the other to the Shinto, and 
their respective emblems are in place at the furthest end. 
After coming' out we ascended the mountain again and ate 
our dinner at a small teahouse on the hig'hest pinnacle over- 
looking Fuji. The top was clear of clouds and a splendid 
view presented itself. We wished for the lower clouds to 
disappear that we might have a perfect view. 

After resting- we returned to Yokohama for the night, 
and spent the next day in the capital. The day spent in 
Tokyo Miss Morgan describes in the following letter : 




INTERIOR OF SHINTO TEMPLE. 
White Paper Wads on Each Side and on the Draper; 




ELEGANT WORKS OF ART 



33 



LETTER FROM MISS AGNES MORGAN. 




SHINBASHI STATION, TOKYO. 



"Taking- an early train 
from. Yokohama, an hour's 
ride through a not very pret- 
ty stretch of country, brought 
us to the Shinbashi station, 
Tokyo, well toward the cen- 
tral point of the city, though 
to one side. Eng-aging- a jin- 
rikisha for the day we first 
took a little jaunt through 
Main street, quite broad and 
clean, with two street car 
lines along the central thor- 
oughfare. We then drove 
around — I mean we rode around — to the Shiba Park and had a look at two 
of the temples there, not caring- to do more on a hot day in July. We first 
looked at the g-ates, courts, and the porticoes of the Mortuary Chapels of 
the seventh and ninth Shoguns, though we did not visit the chapels them- 
selves or enter the temple. Gates and galleries were rich with painted and 
gilded carvings of birds, flowers, branches, and dragons. Ang-els were 
painted on the ceiling panels in some places. The courts had great num- 
bers of fine bronze and stone lanterns, presents from Daimyos as tokens of 
respect to the Shoguns ; there -were many stone lanterns in the outer court 
and two hundred and twelve bronze ones in the inner. 

" From here we went to the temple connected with the tomb of Hide- 
tada, the second 
S h o g u n , who 
died in 1632, re- 
ceiving- the post- 
humous title of 
Taitokuin. The 
octagonal hall 
containing- the 
, tomb was erect- 
ed by the third 
Shogun,Iemitsu, 
in memory of his 
father, and I 
suppose the tem- 
ple and all -were 
erected at the 
same time. I 
forgot to ask 



ENTRANCE TO SHIBA TEMPLE PARK, j 




34 



A FINELY EQUIPPED TEMPLE— 




SPECIMEN OF WOOD CARVING ON THE OUTSIDE OF NIKKO TEMPLE. 



the priest whether it was Hidetada or Iemitsu who worshiped at the temple. 
We entered through the priest's apartments, taking off our shoes or putting 
on great cotton socks over them. Passing through a hall and up some steps 
all smooth and shining with black lacquer, we went into the temple, all 
carved, painted, gilded, and lacquered, built of the most beautiful wood and 
bronze. The priest conducting us assured us we would find nothing so fine 
even at Nikko. The great leaves of the doors were said to be of one piece 
of wood, and two great pillars, one on each side of the shrine, were made of 
the finest of Japanese woods. He struck a bell for us and said there was no 
better toned one to be found, for it had an unusually great proportion of 
gold in its composition. There was the cushion on which the Shogun knelt, 
and the box where he burned incense, and the canopy over his head. Oh, I 
do not know that the ashes in which the sticks of incense were stuck after 
being lighted were the same, or the cushion, which seemed new enough, 
was the very identical one on which he kneeled, but it is probably exactly 
like it, which will give one a better idea than an old, tattered, dirty relic. 

"At that time only the Shogun entered to worship his ancestor, whose 
tablet is in the shrine. His retinue of Diamyos and retainers stood outside. 
The descendants of the family come now some four times a year to worship 
the ancestral tablet. At this time the head priest of the temple ascends the 
steps by the elevated shrine and opens the doors. The Shogun himself could 
not do this. Two great red lacquered tables stood before the shrine, and at 



A UNIQUE BAZAAR IN TOKYO 



35 



one side was a brown incense-burner on a pedestal that was a beautiful 
specimen of old gold lacquer. In one corner stood the drum of Ieyasu in a 
stand ornamented, as were the other things here, our conductor giving- it a 
stroke as he spoke of it. 

" Iveaving this temple and resuming 1 our shoes, we crossed over through 
a wooded path, by some stone lanterns, a number of which had been thrown 
down in the recent great earthquake here, and then passed through a fence 
to the tomb. As there is a stone pavement about the shrine we entered in 
our shoes, the Japanese visitors doing likewise. Here we found much the 
same splendor as in the temple, with quite a little enamel and crystal also 
used in the decorations. In the shrine is a tablet and effigy, but it was not 
open. The body of the Shogun is buried below the shrine. 

" Just as we entered the inclosure the priest called our attention to two 
carved stones, not large, but well carved. I believe he said it took the artist 
five years to do it, the stone being hard. The guidebook says, ' The subject 
of one is Shaka's Entry into Nirvana, and of the other, the Five-and-twenty 
Bosatsu coming" with Amida to welcome the departed soul;' and this corre- 
sponds very well with what the priest said. Very appropriate subjects for a 
tomb. 

" We next took a turn through the Bazaar in this park, which is said to 
contain specimens of everything sold in Tokyo. We then went for lunch 
and rest to a restaurant in the park where one can get foreign food. We 
found a cool, quiet room and very satisfactory fare for a reasonable price. 

"After lunch we went to the United States Legation and stopped for a 
little business, then rode through the city past the principal buildings, most 
of which were covered with scaffolding and underg-oinsr more or less exten- 




INNEB MOAT NEAR THE EMPEROR'S PALACE, TOKYO. 



36 



SACRED BRIDGE AT THE IMPERIAL PALACE— 




sive repairs 
from damages 
by the earth- 
quake. We got 
a good view of 
moats and malls 
and great shade 
trees around the 
Imperial Palace 
and the bridge 
across which 
their majesties 
occasionally en- 
ter or come out, 
but with the ex- 
ception of a few 
roofs we saw 
nothing within. 
Another long 
ride through a 
poor part of the 
city brought tis 
to Ueno Park, 
noted for its 
cherry blossoms 
in the spring. 
We were hot and 

tired, so ascended the steps to the top to rest and cool off. To me the park 
seemed to be a somewhat circular hill, surrounded by a broad driveway bor- 
dered by trees. On the level top the hill was perf ectlj' bare of grass or shrub, 
but pretty well shaded by trees, under which were many red-blanketed tables 
substituted by the Japanese for our benches. We sat down and enjoyed the 
cool breeze. Japanese visitors were enjoying the prospect through two 
small telescopes mounted near one edge of the level ground. It had been 
hazy all day, as I discovered on climbing a small tower on a hill near Shiba 
Park in the morning. Now it had clouded over and looked dark and threat- 
ening. Having had enough sight-seeing for one day, resisting the importu- 
nity of our jinrikisha men to let them take us to see the menagerie and 
Asakusa Park and the other sights, we directed them to take us to the 
foreign settlement, where we wished to make calls. Just as we reached it 
the first gusts of the coming squall struck us, and we decided to go to the 
station. The storm was now on us, a gale of wind and torrents of rain. 
Our men succeeded in shutting us in before we got wet, and hurried off to 
the station, which we reached just in time to buy tickets and catch a train." 



THE SACEED BRIDGE. 

This Bridge is Used Only by the Eoyal Family on Their Way to Nikko Temples, 

or Their Summer Home. It is Burnished With Eed Lacquer. 

Ends Are Closed as Soon as They Pass Over. 



THE RAILROAD CREEPING UP MOUNTAINS 



37 



Another day's ride by train brought us to Karuizawa, 
a small farming- village on the plain between two mountain 
ridges, three thousand two hundred and fifty feet above the 
sea. About half the road from Tokyo to this place is 
through tunnels. The road rises higher and higher con- 
stantly, and a sort of cogwheel arrangement prevents the 
train from sliding back. Having sent our nimotm (bag- 
gage) by slow freight we arrived ahead of it to our discom- 
fort, but were happy to see it coming a few days later. We 
rented a Japanese house and staid there a few weeks during 
the hot weather. The ground at Karuizawa is very dry, 
the soil being - composed of puraice stone, which allows 
water to run off readily. Mount Asama, which is near, 
occasionally throws out ashes and cinders. It has not over- 
flowed for a hundred years. 

While there we spent one day viewing- the lava beds 




UENO PARK. 
Japanese Tables, Substitutes for Our Benches. 



38 



THE WORK OF A VOLCANO 




UENO PARK, 
Noted for its Cherry Blossoms. 

which are on the opposite side of the mountain from Karu- 
izawa. For miles the ground is covered with rocks. At a 
distance of a mile or more from the foot of the mountain we 
climbed fifty feet high, to the top of the ridge composed 
of rocks cemented together with lava, and viewed the sur- 
rounding country on the other side of the ridge. The 
ridge is much higher near the base of the mountain. Ka- 
ruizawa is the place where the missionaries of Northern 
Japan hold their annual conference in Aug'ust. 




Chapter IV 



Farmers 

^V v^\f' ^fcr 3 *! ARMERS in Japan do not live isolated as in 
this country, but congregate in villages and 
cultivate the surrounding fields. Each vil- 
lage has a head officer who is responsible 
for keeping the statistics, recording- births, 
deaths, etc.; looking after the taxes, and 
letting the people know of any instructions 
from the officials above him. He has noth- 
ing do with the police or postal depart- 
ments, which are under the control of the 
central government. 

The villages are not far apart, so it can 
readily be seen that one man does not culti- 
vate as much land as in this country. There are no fences, 
therefore it is difficult to tell just how many of the small 





TRANSPLANTING RICE. 
39 




40 



AGRICULTURE- 



cutting EICE AND PUTTING IT TO DRY. 



fields one man owns. The land 
is hig'hly cultivated and pro- 
duces well. The principal pro- 
ducts are rice, rape seed, cotton, 
millet, barley, and some wheat 
and corn. Usually two crops 
are produced yearly, and in order to g - et the two crops the 
"seed rice" is planted in small fields and allowed to g - row 
until the early crop is ripe aud harvested. The ground is 
then immediately prepared and the young sprouted rice is 
transplanted, plant by plant, in the newly prepared ground, 
which is a mass of sticky mud, into which the workers, both 
men and women, sink almost to their knees every step. 
After the transplanting - process is over more water is then 
run over the fields and kept there during - the growing' sea- 
son. All rice fields are irrig-ated. 

Farmers keep very little stock about them. Occasion- 
ally a cow is seen drawing the plow. Nearly all the work 
is done by hand instead of with horses and machinery. 
It is really better so, for the fields are too small for large 
machinery, and if horses were used, as in this county, 
many men would be out of employment, and a great part of 
the grain produced must necessarily go to feed the horses. 
As it is, the farmer needs only to look after his own inter- 
ests, to see that he has enoug'h grain for himself and 
family. A country so densely populated as Japan is better 
off without our improved machinery. 

Grain is cut with the sickle. 
It is then tied in bundles, or 
sheaves as we would say in this 
country, and hung over the 
racks prepared for them to dry. 
In some localities where there 
are high river banks, they carry 
the grain there to dry. Each 









7T f •;! 














; : Qik>- 


-i / ''II 


,-■■' 






' '■ -/ IP ! 


Ul 









COMBING THE HEADS OFF RICE. 



ABUNDANCE OF FRUIT 



41 




POUNDING THE HULL, OFF THE EICE. 



man takes a few sheaves of rice 

and marks off the space he 

wishes and then g-oes back and 

cuts the grain and bring's it to 

the marked spot. After his 

claim is marked off, later ones 

coming must choose other places. The farmer leads a very 

quiet life, taking little interest in things outside of his own 

village. 

EATABLES — FRUITS, VEGETABLES, MEATS, ETC. 

Japan is bountifully supplied with fruits. I The first of 
the season is the biwa (loquot), a small, yellow fruit, with a 
delicious flavor. Then come the plum, peach, apricot, pear, 
grape, apple, persimmon, fig, grape-fruit, and orange. The 

orang-e is in market all 
winter, so there is only a 
a short time, possibly two 
months in the spring; 
that there is no fruit. 
The people do not can it- 
Though it is commonly 
said that the Japanese 
people live on rice, this is 
onty partially true. Rice 
is the staff of life, but 
they use also turnips, po- 
tatoes, beans, peas, egg- 
plant, lily roots, young 
bamboo shoots, radishes, 
onions, and lettuce. 
Some of these vegetables 
are not just like ours, 
and to our taste not so 
ffood. 





<*@ffifc l 




titijigmpr^ 






-^ -^^«A^ B^ 


yHP i 




*"^Li" ^fc*.,I\-'^'*^^^^^t 


^Nk 




-^ 


Uk *-^^^y*cfi 


^ 





LOQUOT. 



42 



CULTIVATING AMERICAN VEGETABLES- 



The gardeners near the large cities raise all our vege- 
tables, and in Osaka we can have anything the appetite 
wants if the poeketbook holds out. Those of our number 
who live in the interior cannot have this privileg-e, but we 
occasionally pack a box and send to them. 

The meats used are fish, oysters, clams, chicken, and 
beef. It is only of late years that beef has been used, but 
it can be had in nearly all towns of any size, although the 
largest cities furnish a much better quality. 

Milk, bread, and butter find no place on a Japanese 
table. The use of bread is growing in favor, and occasion- 




A FIELD OF-JHGE. \*-* 
A Mau Carries the Baskets. The Gatherers are Women. Two Crops are Secured Each Year. 



TEA THE UNIVERSAL HOT DRINK 43 

ally persons drink milk. Tea is the universal hot drink of 
the country. It is used on all occasions, and under all cir- 
cumstances. A Japanese when thirsty will usually take a 
drink of tea instead of water. Merchants make and offer 
tea to customers before asking what they wish to purchase. 
Guests are served with tea very soon after entering the 
house. Take the tiny teapot, tray, and belongings, away 
from a Japanese woman and she would not know how to 
keep house. 




cart - JL clo T^v/ssc'crn a.r y 



Chapter V 



Fl 



owers 




APAN is truly a land of flowers. 
With its warm, damp climate they 
grow luxuriantly on cliff and 
mountain side, as well as in the 
garden and door yard where they 
receive much attention. 

Special care is given to the 
chrysanthemum. The varieties 
are numerous and they are of all 
colors. Some grow very large, 
measuring nine inches or more in 



diameter, others are 
small and quite spider- 
like but very beautiful. 
Those giving special at- 
tention to their cultiva- 
tion arrange them in va- 
rious ways. To obtain 
the finest flowers only 
one plant is allowed to 
grow in a pot, and its 
branches are cut off leav- 
ing only the main stem 
to bloom. 

Some are arrang-ed to 
grow in frames, so that 
at the blooming- season 




LOTUS FLOWER 
Sacred to Buddha. 



44 



PERFECTION OF FLOWER CULTIVATION 



45 




MOTHER AND DAUGHTERS VIEWING FLOWERS. 
All are Elegantly Dressed. 



the flowers represent historical and mythological scenes, 
representations of gods, bridges, castles, warriors, etc. 
These designs are large, representing people life size. 
They are as perfect as the floral designs made from cut 
flowers by our florists. I have not had the privilege of at- 
tending any but the Osaka chrysanthemum show. It is a 
rare treat. Tokyo, it is said, has the best. This is the 
national flower, and is used as the emperor's crest, or offi- 
cial seal. It is put on all official documents, on flags and 
banners, and the imperial soldiers wear gold ones on the 
fronts of their caps. The girls are very fond of either the 
natural flowers or the artificial ones as hair ornaments, 
though they wear the different flowers in their season. 

I have mentioned that the lotus is the sacred flower, 
the one that Buddha loved. It is grown in ponds near the 
temples erected in his honor and for his worship. Buddha 




46 



THE SACRED 



is always pictured as sit- 
ting in a lotus flower and 
there are artificial bou- 
quets of them near the 
altars in the temples. 
The ponds are very pret- 
ty with their white and 
pink flowers. Both col- 
ors may grow in the same 
pond, or there are two 
ponds with pink blossoms 
in one and white in the 
other. We cannot buy 
the m , but occasionally 
can g - et them from pri- 
vate ponds. 

The white calla lily 
is relegated to a much 
lower place in Japan than 
with us. It is grown in fields and the root used as a vege- 
table, while the flower is not specially cared for. Once I 
saw fully an acre of them in bloom. 

The camelia is pretty; its blooms are red, white, and 
pink. The people care very little for it because it drops its 
head all at once, reminding them of decapitated criminals. 
They say it looks just like some one had chopped its head 
off. Instead of dropping its bloom, leaf by leaf, as a rose 
does, it decays at the stem and drops altogether, giving- the 
garden a very unsightly appearance. It is very much used 
in the large bouquets carried in funeral processions. Pa- 
per ones are often substituted for natural flowers. 

The cherry, peach, plum, and apricot blossoms are 
found in abundance at the florists' in the springtime. Often 
the cut branches are from two to five feet long. They are 
full of buds and will keep for several days in a cool place. 



CHERRY BLOSSOMS. 



FLOWER— PRAISE OF CHERRY BLOSSOMS 



47 



After being placed in a vase of water in a light room they 
bloom out nicely and are very artistic and beautiful. The 
cherry is highly cultivated and has double pink blooms. 
The clusters of blossoms on one stem are something won- 
derful as well as beautiful. It reminds one of a large 
hydrangea. Once I had the privilege of seeing a grafted 
limb od a tree in full bloom. The blossoms on this par- 
ticular branch were of a pea green color, while all the 
other limbs were heavily laden with pink flowers. It was a 
very pretty sight. These trees bear no fruit. In Japanese 
poetry the cherry blossom receives its share of praise. 
Tokyo, Kyoto, and Yoshino are noted for their cherry 
blossoms. A very dainty drink is made by preserving 
them in salt and putting a few in a cup before pouring in 
the hot tea. It is the proper thing on certain occasions, 
but does not suit my taste. 

The wisteria takes no secondary place, as it climbs 




WISTERIA BLOSSOMS. 
Little Nurses are Resting in the Shade. 



48 



THE FRAGRANT WISTERIA- 




PARK GARDEN IN TOKYO. 



from tree top to tree top and hangs in graceful festoons 
from one tree to another. The bunches of bloom are often 
a foot in length and four and five inches in width across the 
top. Some are purple, some white, and some mixed purple 
and white. The temple park at Nara during - the first weeks 
of June is a place where one loves to sit and enjoy the fresh 
mountain air under the tall, g-racef ul cryptomeria trees with 
a canopy of wisteria blooms hanging from their branches. 

The common white lily, beautiful iris, purple and white, 
suisen, or Chinese lily, hydrangea, rose, jasmine, morning-- 
giory, poppy, and others, must not be forgotten, because 
others receive more glory, for each is honored in its season. 

The wild flowers, too, come in for their share of praise 
though not prized so much as others. On the mountain 
sides are found the azalea in colors, pink, red and white, 
the forg-et-me-not, and common tiger lily. The white tiger 
lily grows very large, measuring ten inches across, and is 



BEAFTY OF MAPLE LEAVES 



49 



vM 


w^ymV- ^^^-^ «HB 


V 


n ■ 


W TlH '*' «L3r 


% 


Mil 








** ^^ ^*$m 




^;^-^ 


J 






L~Sirf 


It' 


sKsWrl 





A JAPANESE " FLOWER." 



so fragrant that when 
plucked it must be kept 
on the veranda rather 
than in the house. 

White clematis is 
found running over 
ferns and low bushes 
in luxriant clusters; 
the climbing fern itself 
is as pretty as any flow- 
er, and g-rows plentifully 
near the mountain 
streams. Nanten, a 
green shrub with a 
plume-like cluster of 
red berries, is also a 
very pretty mountain 
production. 
The shrub mountain cherry, with its yellow bloom, and 
numerous other small flowers, together with the g - reat va- 
riety of ferns and the beautifully tinted autumn leaves, 
especially the maple leaf, make the mountain sides abound 
in beauty. The maple leaf might well be classed with the 
flowers, for it receives as much praise as any of them, and 
it is just as pretty. In November the mountains near 
Mino, some nine miles from Osaka, with their sides covered 
with maple trees, whose leaves, when they are at their best, 
are a deep red, present as pretty a sight as the eye can 
wish to gaze upon. The light shining through the leaves 
makes them simply beautiful. There is a large Buddhist 
temple on the mountain, and at this season of the year peo- 
ple go to worship at the temple and see the pretty trees. 
We dare not pluck a branch, can only pick up the fallen 
leaves. Policemen walk through the g-rounds all the time 
and watch to see that no branches are broken. There are 




50 



FRIED MAPLE LEAVES 



A TEA HOUSE. 



always persons with branches 
for sale at the tea houses and 
when starting home we can pur- 
chase if we like. They went 
further back on the mountain 
side to procure them. 
On being- seated in a tea house to rest we were served 
with small cups of tea and dainty dishes of fried maple 
leaves. They are a beautiful red, and are similar to our 
crystallized fruit, except that the leaf is tasteless and the 
crystallization ingredients make up the flavor. The prepa- 
ration is sug-ar and rape seed oil. I am fond of trying - new 
dishes, so ate some fried maple leaves. 

The Japanese are very artistic in arranging flowers. 
They make it a study, and think just as much of going to a 
teacher to learn this art as of g'oing to school for learning - 
other things. I suppose some of the large bouquets made 
of branches of fruit trees, and those still larger made of 
bandies of everg-reens with flowers, and a purple head of 
cabbage hanging over the edge of a vase, would not seem 
especially artistic -to the average American, but they are 
pretty. The smaller ones are daintier and prettier. 




Chapter VI 



Customs 



FHEN we are in Japan the people 
want to know why it is that we do 
everything sakasama (backward). 
They, like us, think their way of 
doing things the right way. and they 
ask just as many questions about our 
customs as we do about theirs. Dur- 
vay first few days in Japan everything 
was so different from what I had been used 
to that I wrote home I would not be sur- 
prised if some one told me to turn around 
and walk backward. But it was not long until I 
became accustomed to their ways. In fact, after 
months the tone of our "home letters" is 
changed and we cease mentioning the odd things 
except now and then when something new is no- 
ticed. The people always go to the left in passing 
each other, either when walking or riding. 

Women, when sewing, work the goods toward the 
needle with the left hand, instead of pushing- the needle to- 
ward the goods with the right hand as we do. The woman 
on the right of the picture is making a sleeve. Her sewing 
is attached to an upright 
post, which she keeps in 
position by sitting on the 
flat board in which it is 
inserted. At her right 
is the hibaehi, which takes 
the place of our stove. 
The kettle is on the fire, 
and the teapot and canis- 




ter are in 



sight. 



The s 




WOMEN SEWLNG. 



51 



52 



THE BACKWARD CUSTOM IN JAPAN- 



hibachi is lined with copper and is filled with ashes, having 
a handful of live charcoal to make heat. The other woman 
is pressing - a dress with what looks like a copper dipper 
which has coals inside of it. The piece of furniture at the 
right is a chest of drawers, the only large furniture seen in 
Japanese houses. It is made in two parts. Lifting the top 
off, each part has handles, and it can be carried like two 
trunks. 




CARPENTERS AT WORK. 



A carpenter pulls his plane and saw toward himself in- 
stead of pushing them from him. 

Keys turn in the lock just the opposite from what ours 
do. If they wish to fasten the lock they turn the key in 
the direction we would to unfasten it, and vice versa. 

Cucumber vines are trained to run up on poles. This 
is because of dampness. 

Shoes are removed before entering the house. 



HOW BOOKS ARE READ AND MEN DRESS 53 

Horses' heads are tied to the back of the stall and the 
rider always mounts from the right side. 

The color of mourning garments is white. They are 
used only at funerals and not worn afterward. 

A clerk making- out a bill, writes the figures first and 
then the name of the article. 

In addressing a letter, the name of the district and city 
are given first, then the street number, the name coming- 
last. The family name is written first, then the given 
name and the "San" (Mr., Mrs. or Miss) last. Thus : 
Tennessee, Nashville, Main Street 10 No., Smith, John, Mr. 

Books begin at the right hand side and pag-es are num- 
bered from right to left. Begin reading- at the right hand 
upper corner, reading down the line and from right to left. 
Foot notes will be found at the top of the pag - e, and if the 
writer refers to what has been previously said on the same 
page, he will say "to the right" instead of "as above." 

Instead of having- all the pictures and pretty things one 
owns out in the room at one time, the Japanese have a 
storehouse in which these are kept, and on special occasions 
or when they are tired of one scene, they put away what 
has been out and bring- out something different. Empty 
vases, be they ever so valuable, are never seen in a room. 
They are for use and when not needed for flowers, are put 
aside. 

Men are helped to food before the ladies are, and it is 
proper for them to enter a door first, leaving the lady to 
follow. In walking on the street together the woman must 
stay just a little behind. She is not supposed to be man's 
equal, therefore must not walk before him or by his side. 

Men wear dresses made very much as those of the 
women. They are all cut the same shape. Different styles 
of goods are used and there is a difference in the belts, col- 
lars, and linings. The women wear a broad sash, and have 
very pretty, delicate colors at their necks and for the un- 




54 



HOW JAPANESE SALUTE 



A YOUNG JAPANESE BABY. 



CpT* %■ ^ dersleeves. Men wear a narrow 

belt and dull colored clothing. 
For the best dress they have a 
sort of divided skirt called halca- 
ma. This always looked to me as 
though it ought to be the woman's 
garment, but I suppose it is only 
in keeping with the natural order 
of things on that side of the 
world. Everything is "topsy- 
turvy" from our point of view. 

Little babies are dressed in 
bright red or yellow cotton gar- 
ments. When they are large enough to go visiting they 
have pretty flowered dresses. A European baby in a long 
white dress is quite a curiosity there. 

Ladies wear nothing on their heads. In the north, dur- 
ing the coldest weather, something similar to our thick 
winter veil is used for protection. Formerly gentlemen 
wore nothing on their heads, but now use European hats. 
Still we see just as many men on 
the streets bareheaded as wear- 
ing - , hats. All use umbrellas. 
Men who work out in the sun 
wear the "inverted butter bowl" 
shaped hat. 

There is no hand shaking or 
kissing. People meeting on the 
street stop and make a low bow. 
If they talk 'for a few moments 
they may bow several times, for 
when thanks are expressed or a 
compliment paid that calls for a 
bow. If in the house the persons 
are seated on the floor and bow 




A JAPANESE BABY DRESSED FOR A VISIT. 



EACH OTHER— ETIQUETTE FOR LADIES 



55 




BOWING. 



over so that the face touches 
the floor. When a speaker 
rises before his audience he 
bows, and the audience bows 
in return. At the close he 
bows again and the audience 
makes a more profound bow 
than at the beginning. 

The following- rules for la- 
dies recently appeared in the 
Japan Evangelist. They are 



from the pen of a native preacher. 



ETIQUETTE FOR LADIES. 



" ' One who lacks good manners is not far from the lower animals,' is 
an old saying- true to this day. Paul says, ' Love doth not behave itself un- 
seemly.' Courtesy is love in society, love in relation to etiquette. There- 
fore we emphasize the importance of good manners for ladies more than 
anything else, and in the present system of female education familiarity 
with etiquette and practical knowledge of housekeeping should be primarily 
aimed at. Some points in the graceful etiquette for ladies are : 

" (a) How to Sit Down — Bring both feet and knees together ; quietly 
kneel ; sit low, putting one toe over the other, and keep the hands on the lap. 

" (b) How to Rise — Leave the right hand in the original position ; raise 
the body with the fingers of the left hand on the mat ; rise first on tiptoes, 
and as the body becomes erect bring both feet and knees together. 

" (c) How to Walk — Keep both hands down straight ; do not stretch the 
arms ; keep the shoulders level and walk quietly and in an upright posture. 

" (d) How to Salute — On meeting one who is j-our superior turn one 
step toward the right, while yet several feet apart; make a bow, keeping 
both hands down to the knees, and continue in the same posture until the 
person passes by, then go on. When equals meet each turns to the right at 
a distance of three feet and makes a bow ; then both pass on at the same 
time. 

" (e) How to Open the Shoji and Doors — It is unseemly and objectiona- 
ble to open or shut a door or a shoji in a standing posture. In a kneeling 
position use the right hand if it opens toward the right, and left hand if 
toward the left. In either case of opening or shutting, great care is reqired 
not to turn the back toward the toko (the upper seat) and to those who are 
in the same room. 




56 



INTERIOR OF A JAPANESE HOME 57 

" (f) How to Present Tea and Cake to Guests — Hold the teacup or cake- 
plate in both hands, approach the guest, taking- short and graceful steps ; 
sit down at a distance of three feet. Leave the presence of the g-uest by 
making a bow. 

"(g) Tea — When a teacup is set before the g-uest she should take it up 
with her right hand, and holding it in both palms, drink the tea in three 
swallows and a half. 

" (h) Cake — When a plate of cake is presented, she should take out a 
sheet of paper (ladies should always provide themselves with clean paper), 
then select a cake and put it on the paper with chop-sticks. Then she may 
break it into two pieces and eat one piece with two fingers." 

The roof of a house is constructed first. Windows and 
doors and partitions for the most part are movable. The 
best room is found at the back instead of the front. It 
opens out into the pretty yard in the rear. This at first 
seems strange, but I soon learned to like it, because it takes 
one out of the dust and dirt and the clatter and clamor of 
the street into a quiet, restful place. 

In the view, ' ' Interior of Japanese Home, ' ' may be seen 
the shoji or sliding - window, made of a lig - ht frame work and 
covered with white paper. The grooves in which they slide 
can be seen on the floor and overhead. In all these places 
where the windows show there are two panels slid back to- 
gether. This paper is thin and tough, and after being- 
pasted on the frame it is sprinkled all over, and when it is 
dried it is tight like the end of a drum. I always wanted to 
drum on it and push my finger through, but of course could 
not, for it would be as rude as breaking a window glass. 
Once while visiting - Miss Leavitt in Shingu I had that plea- 
sure. Miss Leavitt cleaned her house, and putting new 
paper on the shoji is part of house cleaning. While poring - 
over my Japanese lesson I noticed her come into the room 
and take one of the windows out. "Now is my chance," I 
thought, and began popping my fing - er through the remain- 
ing sections. The loud noise attracted attention in the 
kitchen, and all were alert to see what was the trouble. 
Miss Leavitt soon recognized the sound and exclaimed, 



58 



HOW PARTITIONS ARE ARRANGED— 



"Oh, it is Gardner San poking her fingers through the 
shoji; she has always wanted to do it. ' ' 

In the center of the picture can be seen another groove 
and one panel of the partition. These panels are covered 
with thicker paper. The partition panels and also the win- 
dows can all be removed, thus making the house into one 
large room. On the outside of the veranda railing is an- 
other set of grooves in which the outside wooden doors run- 
These are always closed at night and opened ag-ain in the 
morning. If one is in a hotel he may expect to be awak- 
ened early by the sliding of the doors. They all go back 
into a pocket prepared for them. 




INTERIOR OF A JAPANESE HOME. 



REGULATION SIZES OF MATS 



59 



The mats on the floor are the regulation size, six feet 
long - , three feet wide, and three inches thick, bound on the 
side with dark blue cloth. They can be lifted and laid in 
different patterns at will. A room is always made to fit the 
mats. In speaking - of the size of a room a Japanese would 
say a six mat room, an eight mat room, etc. A six mat 
room is 9x12 feet, an eight mat room 12x12 feet. 

To the right of the picture is the tokonoma, the orna- 




Hostess at the Left. Fire-Box at Her Right. Charcoal Basket Behind It. Rice 
Basket at Her Left. Tables one Foot Square, Eight Inches High. 

mental part of the room. It is an alcove with raised floor, 
and has a bouquet and picture. Often there is a piece of 
bric-a-brac placed under the picture. This is the best part 
of a house and the hostess will always try to seat her guest 
near it. The g-uest very humbly staj T s some distance away 
from it until frequent urging brings her a little nearer. In 
front of this is a small, square cushion which takes the 
place of our chairs. Five of these cushions make a set, and 



60 



A GENERAL CLEANING UP TIME 




STARCHING AND DRYING CLOTHES. 
When Pasted on the Board, no Ironing is Needed. 



they are brought into the room as they are needed. Over 
the partition is a poem. The ceiling - is of dark, unpainted 
wood. Parts of three rooms and the veranda are shown. 

A housekeeper very carefully does her dusting and 
then sweeps. Because of always removing the shoes be- 
fore entering the house there is no mud-dust to sweep. 
The lint from bedding and clothing settles on window 
frames and must be brushed off on to the floor, then all can 
be swept out. House cleaning is done at the end of the 
year. Business houses, too, are thoroughly cleaned. In 
all phases of life the last week of the year is a general clean- 
ing up time. If one wishes to do shopping - about this time 
of the year, it is not wise to put it off until this week, for 
everything - will be topsy-turvy, and of course it is difficult 
to find what one wishes. 

Besides the g - eneral cleaning, there is clearing of debts. 



GIVING PRESENTS 



61 




READYMADE CLOTHING- STORE. 

We "Walk Along Examining Goods. If We Wish to Buy We 

Sit Down on the Floor with Our Feet Still in the Street 

and the Proprietor Waits Upon Us. 



All debts are to be set- 
tled and start the new 
year with a clean slate, so 
to speak. If one has debts 
that he cannot pay, he will 
borrow of another and -pay 
the old debt and start the 
new year with the new 
debt instead of the old one. 
This is also a time 
for giving presents. All employed people expect some- 
thing- from their employers, and merchants give presents 
to their customers. In December, just before leaving- 
Japan, I was in Tokyo, and while there had a muff made. 
The day I called for it was quite cold and the merchant put 
a small kctiro (tin box with fuel to keep fire) inside of the 
muff and said to me: "Shi wo haite aru'' (fire inside is). 
In Osaka where I lived we pronounced the word fire "hi" 
instead of "shi," and the word for salt is shio, and I 
thought he said "shio haite aru " (salt inside is). I thanked 
him, but did not understand why he had put salt in it. 
After getting some distance away I put my hand inside of 
the muff and found it nice and warm, then I understood 
what the man had said to me. 

It does not make any difference what the gift is, a Jap- 
anese always depreciates 
the value of a thing he 
gives. We at one time re- 
ceived a box of egg's with 
the usual, ' ' They are very 
bad, but I will offer them." 
We often have more boxes 
of oranges sent to us than 
we can use. 

In business circles the 




DRY GOODS STORE. 



62 



NEW YEAR OBSERVANCE— CALLING 




REAR VIEW OF A JAPANESE HOTEL. 



store occupies the front room of the dwelling house. The 
sliding doors are all removed so that the stores are open to 
the street, and all contents can be seen from the street as 
plainly as goods in our show windows. The greater num- 
ber of stores have from twelve to fifteen feet frontage, and 
about the same in depth, thougfi quantities of goods are 
often stored away in back rooms. "With the exception of 
the main streets of Tokyo and those of the "Foreign Con- 
cession," the streets are narrow and there are no sidewalks. 
One can walk down the middle of the street and look into 
the stores of both sides by just turning the head first one 
way and then the other. 

For the first three days of the new year all business is 
suspended — stores closed and awnings stretched the full 
leng-th of the stores, draped up just enough to make visible 
the small entrance (needle's eye), and the people spend 
their time calling on friends. The first day is men's day. 



ON FRIENDS 



63 




No women think of calling 
on that day. They remain 
at home and do the wom- 
en's work of s e r v i n e- . 
They must be ready to 
serve tea or wine and cake 
to each of their guests. fruit store. 

(Christians use tea.) By 

noon the second day the women begin their calls. Each 
man calls on his gentleman friends and the women on their 
lady friends. If persons who have hitherto been friends 
fail to make the New Year's call it is supposed that they 
wish to cut the friendship. Those who have so many 
friends that they cannot g-et around to make a call on all 
will often have cards and ride around to the houses, go to 
the door and place their cards on a tray, which they will 
find on a small table just inside the door. 

We missionaries remain at home the first two days and 
keep open house to receive our Christian friends. Then 
we call upon them. The native Christian men call at tne 
homes of the single lady missionaries the same as at the 
homes where there are gentlemen. New Year's calls are 
permissible during all the first week of the year, but the 
greater number of them are made the first three days. 
The children are not forgotten at this time. They are 
dressed in their prettiest clothing, and spend the time play- 
ing- in the streets at bat- 
tle door and shuttlecock, 
ball and flying- kites. The 
streets present a pretty 
scene, with their hundreds 
of children decked in 
bright array having such 
merry times. 

The New Year is now 




SHOE STORE. 




CROCKERY STORE. 



64 



COURTSHIP 



celebrated the first of Jan- 
uary as with us. Former- 
ly time was calculated by 
the moons and the year 
began some time in Feb- 
ruary. Even now, in the 
country, the old year is 
celebrated instead of the 



one recog-nized by the government. 



COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE. 

In true Japanese propriety there is no such thing as 
courtship, that is to say, the contracting parties have very 
little to do or say in the initial steps. The rules vary in 
different localities, hence I give only the general ones. 

The nakadachi, or go-between, who knows all the mar- 
riageable young people, is the important person. One who 
has been successful in matchmaking- is frequently called 
upon. Besides making the match the go-between remains 
through life a sort of referee, to whom all troubles and dif- 
ferences after marriage are referred. 

A. young - man's parents approach the g'o-between with 
a request to obtain a certain girl, or perhaps any suitable 
girl, as a wife for their son. Sometimes the go-between 
proposes some girl to the parents, but in either case partic- 
ular inquiries are made on 
both sides as to age, looks, 
means, character, health, 
and particularly the ances- 
try of each. If there is no 
objection raised so far, the 
young - people have a meet- 
ing - arranged for them in 
the presence of the g - o-be- 




FISH STORE. 




65 



66 MARRIAGE— HOW CONDUCTED— 

tween, after which either party may decline to make an 
engagement. This meeting is very formal, but is the only 
one before marriage. If both parties are willing for an en- 
gagement to take place, the young man seals the compact 
by sending a gift to the house of his chosen one, and her 
family returns the compliment by sending back one of half 
the value received, with a present for each member of the 
groom's household. The wedding - day is set and the 
girl prepares her outfit of clothing, bedding, and various 
household utensils, all of which are sent to her future home 
on the day before the wedding, which always takes place at 
the groom's house. She goes in the evening after dark, 
preceded by the go-between and his wife, and followed by 
her parents and relatives, all of whom are invited to the 
wedding feast, which is as elaborate as the groom's means 
will allow. When all the company has assembled, the 
young couple take their places in a part of the room 
screened off from the company, and in the presence of the 
go-between very solemnly drink, as a pledge of their union, 
from three cups of wine, each taking three sips from each 
of the three lacquer cups, while some one chants a wedding 
poem. Then the screen is removed and the bride is shown 
to the company and the neighborhood folk who will be sure 
to crowd into the entrance and clamor for a sight. Some- 
times the bride's dresses are hung over a screen where they 
can be seen, for if she is well to do she changes her attire 
from two to five times during the evening. The feast is 
prolonged until late and is sometimes renewed for another 
set of guests the following day. The third day the bride 
revisits her father's home, and the groom sends a present 
to each member of the family. This ends the ceremony, 
for when she comes back to her husband 's house she comes 
presumably to stay, and must make her home visits few 
and far between and take up her life of duty to her hus- 
band's family, of which she is now a member. 



CURIOUS CUSTOMS OF BRIDES 67 

Some girls go out from their homes dressed in white, 
the mourning color, to show that they are dead to their 
own home, and, after the wedding ceremony, change to 
bright garments. Others wear the regulation red, white, 
and grey, in three layers, the grey being- the one on the out- 
side, the others peeping out at the opening in the sleeve, in 
the folds of the collar, and the right side of the dress, 
which is folded in such a way as to show all three colors. 
Others wear the white and some pale color over it, while all 
have their hair dressed in married woman's style, and very 
old-fashioned ones black their teeth after they are married. 

In homes where there is no son to keep up the family 
name and there is a daughter, she must receive a husband 
and he take her family name instead of her taking his. In 
that ease the g'room comes to her home to be married, for 
he comes in to be a member of her household. 

Christian people of Japan are married with Christian 
ceremony. The courtship is carried on in the usual way, 
except that many men now choose their own wives and ask 
the g - o-between to make known their wishes to the girl's 
family. 




Chapter VII 



Festivals and Funerals 




girls' festival. 

'HE third day of March is the Girls' Fes- 
tival. They are dressed in their gay- 
est, prettiest clothes and allowed to 
spend the day playing doll and house- 
keeping and doing as grown ladies do. In 
the best room of the house is arranged 
a succession of shelves on which all their 
dolls, toy dishes, cooking utensils, dining tables, etc., are 
placed. They have also images of the empress and court 
ladies. These things are kept from year to year, so the} r 
are often able to make very large displays. 

The writer once had the pleasure of being in a Japa- 
nese home 
on girls' 
day. It was 
quite inter- 
esting to see 
a 1 1 o f the 
dolls and 
toys, some 
of them old 
(having - been 
the mother's 
or g-andmoth- 
er's) and al- 
so to see the 
children 
having - such 
good times. 
Each year 
they receive 

DOLL SHELF DURING THE GIRLS' FESTIVAL. 
68 




BOYS HAVING "A GOOD TIME" 



69 



new dolls and toys, thus adding - to their yearly display. 
A feast of g-ood things is also prepared for them, so that 
the girls look forward to this day as children here do to 
Christmas. Japanese children, as most of my readers well 
know, have no Christmas. Where Christ is not known 
there is no Christmas. 



The fifth day of May is the Boys' Festival. On that 
day they are expected to have a good time, and other mem- 
bers of the household try in every possible way to make 
an eujoyable and pleasant day for them. A feast (a good 
dinner) is prepared for them. All the family swords, 
spears, and other warlike implements are brought from the 
places where thej^ have been stored away, and placed where 
they can be viewed. On bamboo poles, high up in the air, 
are hung- either paper or cloth imitations of fish. These 
are so arranged on a string that the larg-est will always 
stay at the top. The number on one pole tells how many 
boys are in the house ; there is a fish for each one. These 




STREET IN WAKAYAMA DURING BOYS' FESTIVAL. 



70 



A STRUGGLE FOR POSITION— 



are made like real fish, with two sides, fins, and tail that 
flop and flutter in the breeze, and being hollow the wind 
soon fills them and makes them look like real fish. 

Previous to this day the stores are full of toys repre- 
senting heroes and warriors, soldiers, implements of war, 
etc. These fish, too, are found in various colors and sizes, 
from a very cheap paper one to a good, well-made cloth one, 
which will last several years. 

A great deal of the pleasure of the day to other people 
is watching - the boys of different houses sending their fish 
higher than their neighbors'. When one boy sees that his 
neighbor's fish is higher up in the air than his, he immedi- 
ately procures another piece of bamboo and pulls the pole 
down and splices it and sends his own fish a few feet high- 
er. The special fish imitated is said to be very strong and 
swims up stream. The boys are to learn from it that if 
they expect to be strong and useful men they must stem 
the tide of life against opposing currents. 

BON FESTIVAL. 




SCENE ON THE RIVER AT OSAKA DURING THE BON FESTIVAL. 



Bon Matsuri, or Bon Festival, occurs on July 13-16, 
and is the season for special worship of the spirits of the 



SPECIAL WORSHIP OF SPIRITS 



71 



dead. They are supposed to come back and stay in the 
household u hotoke" (shrine) for three days. The family 
make a feast, using 1 neither meat, fish, nor eggs in the prep- 
aration. A part of everything prepared to eat is set before 
the shrine. At night many lanterns are hung - in the room, 
and sometimes several rows of burning* candles are set in 
front of the house. The third night small fires are lighted 
in front of each house at dusk to light the spirits back to 
their abodes, and the offeriug-s of cooked food are given to 
beggars. The melons and such things are put on toy boats 




JAPANESE HOUSEBOAT. 



and floated down the river or on the sea. The first festival 
after there has been a death in the family is kept in a very 
elaborate manner. During" this festival season there takes, 
place in Tokyo, Osaka, and a few other places, what is 
called the "Opening - of the Rivers. " The people go out on 
the river in boats gorgeously decked with bright lanterns. 
There are fireworks, feasting - , music, and dancing - . The 
writer reached Japan just at this season of the year, and 
the next evening after our arrival the pastor of one of our 
Osaka churches came and invited us to g - o rowing - on the 
river and see the people attending the festival. There 



72 HOW JAPANESE BURY THEIR DEAD— 

were so many people and the boats were so close together 
that we could scarcely tell that we were not on land. Per- 
sons could easily step from one boat to another. 

FUNERALS. 

At the present time funerals might be classed under 
three heads, Buddhist, Shintoist, and Christian. In the 
Buddhist procession there are numbers of large bouquets 
made of green bushes and bright colored flowers, either 
real or made of paper. The bouquets are from four to six 
feet high and from two to three feet in diameter. They 
are hauled in small wag-ons made for that purpose. The 
number of flower wagons in a funeral procession is reg-u- 
lated by the wealth or standing of the person. Friends of 
the deceased show their respect by sending, at their own 
expense, a flower wag-on and a man to haul it. There aT*e 
numerous other ornamental thing's, such as lanterns, 
plumes, etc., which are carried in the procession. Two 
lacquered chairs are taken along - for the priests to sit in on 
their arrival at the cemetery. One hears at intervals the 
tinkle of a bell, a dull thud, as of a muffled drum, and a 
clanking of cymbals, each following- the other in quick suc- 
cession, just one stroke each. The sound is wierd and 
never fails to make one shudder. 

The coffin is either round or square, about two feet 
each way and two and a half feet high. The corpse is 
placed in it in a sitting- posture, with the feet under the 
body, and the head bent forward and down until the cover 
can be put on. 

One day while at the cemetery attending the funeral serv- 
ices of a little babe, the child of one of our native preach- 
ers, I was permitted to see a very strange funeral service. 
Just after we had left the cemetery and were crossing the 
temple yard we saw a Buddhist procession entering. Six 
men performed a sort of dance on the walk from the g - ate to 



A STRANGE FUNERAL SERVICE 



73 









III.! ||M 




kt^9 








H^^IHoI.*^ *. 




NEfl tflwHL ' 


'& jnXr^ 


lH| 






Bite' 




n^pwog^,, — ■ 


^-^Mjk ^ 





BUDDHIST CEMETERY. 
Steps Lead to Temple, Priest in Front. 

the temple door. They kept about eight feet apart, one be- 
hind the other, and walked with outstretched arms, all the 
time balancing the body as if walking- a rope some distance 
above the ground. After them came three kagos (chairs) 
carried by men, two containing' priests and the other the 
corpse, and following them were about thirty wailers mak- 
ing quite a noise, both with their voices and the clapping- of 
sticks which they carried in their hands. The incense was 
lighted and the priests performed a service inside the build- 
ing. At the same time the men on the outside spread a 
white cloth from the gate to the temple door, and the family 
and friends came in walking on either side of the strip. 
After watching all come in we went around to the back of 
the temple to the crematory, where the body had been 
placed in one of the finest furnaces in the building, and saw 
the wailers (hired mourners) each throw in a bunch of fag- 



74 



SHINTO FUNERAL OBSEQUIES 



ots and then return to the gate where the service ended. 
This was a very unusual ceremony, such as is held only for 
very wealthy or noted pleople. 

The Shinto funeral is more simple. The green bou- 
quets are used but no flowers. The "gohei," a symbol of 
purity, is made of white paper, folded and cut in a peculiar 
way and fastened to the kagos and allowed to flutter in the 
breeze. They usually have a long coffin instead of a square 
one. The priest reads a portion from the sacred books 
before the body is carried out of the house, and then plays 
the flute on the way to the cemetery. 



1 *' . 

< * 




^ 


* 


*Vg**£ > 


|t 


■ ■ - v! f-, jjgj . " i 

t ' ,y* 

Ire JiSiflPfl Es 


j 


'is 




J 

"t 


: :jm-. 


i^SrH-isBi 


ftSftwS'"-"- v ' , '" v - 


Hfeft^ Til 

1TT1 ■ iiln'«ra^i "• * J ^ t - 
t jHBC 1 ^ Iff K 




v 


fall- 




■ -Wwi^''"" 


1 ' i : ■ , ^^pr^V "'■■ 




H 



INTERIOR OF A BUDDHIST TEMPLE. 
The Little Boxes Contain the Sacred Writings. 



CHRISTIAN FUNERALS LIKE AMERICAN 75 

The Christian services are of course quite different, 
being conducted very much as in this country, with short 
service either at the home or church. The long- coffin is 
used. It is of plain, unpainted wood, and is carried on a 
bier two feet wide and six feet long, constructed so that 
the ends each have two poles projecting out a foot or more, 
' and these poles rest on the shoulders of four men (coolies 
who are used to carrying heavy burdens), two in front and 
two behind . A mantle a yard and a half square is thrown 
over the coffin. The one owned by our Osaka Presbyterian 
churches is black satin. The large bouquets are used or 
not just as people desire, and the custom of giving- presents 
to each guest attending the funeral is kept. At the close of 
the services at the cemetery all are invited into a larg-e tea 
house inside the cemetery grounds, and given tea and some- 
times other refreshments. Each is presented with some 
small gift, and if they have paid out money for a convey- 
ance they will find wrapped inside of the gift a piece of 
money well secured by a piece of paper pasted over it. 
This is for the jinrikisha, and accords with our custom of 
furnishing- cabs and carriages for all intimate friends and 
relatives. Whoever has the matter in charge knows who 
have been to expense and who have not. Those who have 
not will receive the present, but there will be no money in- 
side. Of course the custom is reg-ulated somewhat by the 
wealth of the family just as such things are here. Some 
could not afford it. 

All Japanese people robe their dead in a plain white or 
very light colored cotton dress, which is always folded over 
the front just opposite to the way the living fold theirs. 
In life the dress is folded from the left side over on to the 
right ; after death, from right to left. Good clothing of 
the dead is handed down to the heirs just as any other 
property is. 

In Osaka, where I lived, the Christians used their old 



76 



CHRISTIANS BURY IN BUDDHIST CEMETERIES 



family burying - grounds in Buddhist cemeteries. In some 
places the priests object to this, and the Christians are put 
to severe tests to know where "to bury their dead out of 



their sight." 




Chapter VIII 



English-Japanese Etymology 



THE SYLLABARY 

NSTEAD of an alphabet Japanese 
have a syllabary, and use two meth- 
ods of arranging it: the Iroha, so 
called from the first syllables of a 
verse into which it has been cast ; 

the Go ju on, or table of the fifty 
The latter is much the more sci- 



and 

sounds. 

entitle, and should be mastered as a key to 

inflection and agglutination. 

As written in Japanese, certain of the 

syllables represent more than one sound, 

the changes in the consonantal element 
being indicated by the addition of diacritical marks. These 
variations will be found exhibited in the Goju on. 

It will be observed that the Iroha contains forty-eight 
syllables and the Goju on fifty The n of the former, how- 
ever, is an addition ; and the yi ye and the second u of the 
latter have been inserted to fill up the breaks in the series. 




IROHA. 



i 


ro 


ha 


ni 


ho 


he 


to 


chi 


ri 


mi 


ru 


wo 


\va 


ka 


yo 


ta 


re 


so 


tsu 


ne 


na 


ra 


niu 


u 


i 


no 


o 


ku 


ya 


ma 


ke 


fu 


ko 


e 


te 


a 


sa 


ki 


yu 


me 


mi 


shi 


e 


hi 


mo 


se 


su 


n 



78 



THE JAPANESE VERB- 



GO JU ON. 



1. 


a 


i 


u 


e 


o 


2. 


ka 


ki 


ku 


ke 


ko 




£ a 


ffi 


& u 


ge 


go 


3. 


sa 


shi 


su 


se 


so 




za 


ji 


zu 


ze 


zo 


4. 


ta 


chi 


tsu 


te 


to 




da 


ji 


zu 


de 


do 


S. 


na 


ni 


nu 


ne 


no 


6. 


ha 


hi 


fu 


he 


ho 




ba 


bi 


bu 


be 


bo 




pa 


Pi 


pu 


pe 


po 


7. 


ma 


mi 


jnu 


me 


mo 


• 

8. 


ya 


3'i 


yu 


ye 


yo 


9. 


ra 


ri 


ru 


re 


ro 


10. 


wa 


i 


u 


e 


wo 



THE VERB — INFLECTION. 



The Japanese verb has four inflections, which may be 
termed foundation forms, since upon them is reared its en- 
tire structure. These are usually called the negative base 
the stem, the indicative present, and the conditional base. 
In the spoken language there are two conjugations, and the 
following- table exhibits the terminations of their respective 
foundation forms : 



MOODS AND TENSES 79 



Negative base 


Conj. I. 


Conj. II. 
e or i 
e or i 
eru or iru 
ere or ire 


Stem 













Any one foundation form of a verb belonging to the 
first conj. being known, the remaining three can be readily- 
obtained from the Go ju on. 



AGGLUTINATION. 

Agglutination consists in the addition to bases of inde- 
pendent words or particles. In many eases, however, time 
and use have suffered only a fragment of the original suffix 
to remain. 

MOODS AND TENSES. 

The moods and tenses of the Japanese verb are formed, 
for the most part, by agglutination. 

1. In both conjugations, te, ta, tara, taro, tari, tai, and 
takunai, added to the stem, form the paticiple, indie, past, 
conditional past, probable past, frequentative, and the af- 
firmative and negative of the desiderative adjective. In 
the second conjugation, yo or to added to it forms the im- 
perative. 

2. In both conjugations, nai or nu, nakatta or nanda, 
nakaUara or nandara, nakattaro or nandaro, nakattari or 
nandari, nakereba or neba, and nakute, nai de, dzu, dzu ni, or 
dzu ni shite, added to the -neg. base, form the neg. of the 
present, past, cond. past, prob. past, frequentative, cond. 
present, and participle. In the first conjugation, u added 
to it and the a-u contracted into o forms the future ; in the 
second, yo added forms the future ; and mai the fut. neg. 



80 



PARADIGM OF THE 



3. Tn both conjugations, na added to the indie, present 
Forms the imperative negative; in the first, mo* added forms 
the I'nt. neg. 

\. In both conjugations, ba added to the cond. base 
Tonus the, cond. pros. In the first, the cond. base and the 
i mperative are alike. 

In the paradigm following, the lower forms are made 
up of the stem and the honorific verb mam; they are more 
courteous than the upper ones. Masu, however, being with- 
out a desid. adj. of it own, a polite form of that part of the 
verb is obtained by substituting for the simple adjective its 
adverbial form followed by gosaimasu. In the paradigm 
the stem and its derivatives are presented before the, nega- 
tive base. 

PARADIGM OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 



korosu — to kill. 
korosa, koroslii, horosu, horosc. 

Stem koroshi. 

,.,.., I horosliita. killing-, having killed. 

Participle \horosUimashite. 

, ,. \horoshittt. killed, did kill, have killed. 

1,,<lu '- P ast \ koroihimashita. 

\ ioros/u'tara, if killed, should kill ; 

' "" ' 1 koroshimashitara, when killed, killed. 

( koroshitaro, probably killed, 

" P \horoshimashitard. 

( koroshitari killing'. 

Frequentative \ koroshimathitari. 

... I tai, wish to kill. 

1 tesid. ;i< h kit r os /i i « .- 

•' | to goxaimasu 

. , ,. , , ., , ( nai, not wish to kill. 

lesn . adl, net;' korosllltilk-H ■ 



FIRST COX.llUiATloX 



81 





( korona \ nai. do not, will not kill ; 






] 


} me mi, have not killed. 
koroshimasenu. 






j 




l korosa \ iiakalla, did not kill. 






1 


\ mi it it ii. 
koroshimasenanda. 






1 




i korosa \ nakallai a , if did not, should il"l 


kill. 


Cond. p^Lst 


J \ nandara. 

[ koroshimastnu deshitara. 

I korosa \ nakattaro, probably did nut kill. 






• \ mi ntlaro. 

\ koroshimasenu deshitaro. 








nahattan, not killing. 

u OSa • , • ' 
1 na?iaari. 










\ 


. 1 nakcreba, if do not, will not kill. 

horosil J . , • j: i ,,•,,, 

/ iiron, it nave not killed. 
koroshimase ( nu \ kereba. 






I 




■I I mtra 






( ucba. 








f nakute, not killing. 








, imi de. 
korosa ■ [ , , 

j di a, ii-ii in. 

[ dza n i skilr. 












koroshimase [ nu de. 






J dzn. 






1 dzn ni. 






y dzti ni shite. 






[ korosb (korosa-u), shall, will kill. 






J 


koroshimashd, 

korosu dard, will probably kill. 






i 




i 


korosu. kill. 
koroshiviasu. 






1 




korosuna, do not kill. 

i korosumai t probably will not kill. 
-| koroshi ' iiiasuinai '. 










( korosanai dard. 










Cond. pres 


\ koroseba, if kill, if will kill. 

/ koroshi niiisil rt'/iii. 






\ korose kill. 
/ koroshima \ se, 
"j shi. 





— From Handbook «/ English-Japanese Etymology by William. Embri 



82 



TRANSLATIONS INTO JAPANESE 



CARDINAL NUMBERS. 

One Ichi. 

Two Ni. 

Three San. 

Four Shi. 

Five Go. 

Six Roku. 

Seven Shichi. 

Eight Hachi. 

Nine Ku. 

Ten Ju. 

Eleven Ju-ichi. 



ORDINAL NUMBERS. 

First Dai-ichi. 

Second Dai-ni. 

Third Dai-san. 

Fourth Dai-shi. 

Fifth Dai-go. 

Sixth Dai-roku. 

Seventh Dai-shichi. 

Eighth Dai-hachi. 

Ninth Dai-ku. 

Tenth Dai- ju. 

Eleventh Dai-ju-ichi 



THE SEASONS. 

Spring Haru. 

Summer Natsu. 

Autumn Aki. 

Winter Fuyu. 

THE DAYS OP THE WEEk. 

Sunday Nichi-3'o-bi. 

Monday Getsu-yo-bi. 

Tuesday Kwa-yo-bi. 

"Wednesday Sui-yo-bi. 

Thursday Moku-yo-bi. 

Friday Kin-yo-bi. 

Saturday Do-yo-bi. 



THE MONTHS. 

January Ichi-gatsu. 

February Ni-gatsu. 

March San-gatsu. 

April Shi-gatsu. 

May Go-gatsu. 

June Roko-gatsu. 

July Shichi-gatsu. 

August Hachi-gatsu. 

September Ku-gatsu. 

October . Ju-gatsu. 

November Ju-ichi-gatsu. 

December Ju-ni-gatsu. 



OUR MISSIONARIES. 

Names of our missionaries translated into the Japanese language : 

Hail Heru. Leavitt Re-bi-to. 

Hudson Ho-du-son. Morgan Mo-ru-gan. 

VanHorn Ban-Hon. Freeland Fu-ri-ran-do. 

Drennan Du-re-nan. Alexander A-re-ki-san-do. 

Lyon Rai-6n. Gardner Ga-de-na. 

The Japanese syllabary has no v or / sound ; b and r sounds are used 
instead. 



PAGE FROM THE JAPANESE FIRST READER 



83 




Page from the First Reader which our Missionaries Study. 



84 



JAPANESE SPELLING 



>• 


'f 


^ 


/U 


-f 


••* 


7 


^ 


7 


a 


X- 


n 


A 


7 


/> 


fc 


j- 


7 


# 


^ 


^r 


T 


# 


3 


* 


%. 


r 


/ 


? 


"N 


X 


-f 


* 


l^ 


h 




* 


7 


V 


■f- 


> 


-2- 


* 


*v 


<) 




/ 


V 


-f- 


7. 



Page of Spelling from First Reader. 



THE LORD'S PRAYER IN JAPANESE 85 

THE LORD'S PRAYER. 



fat & jt *? J&f 

f ^ S 72 t fc ^» ^i |» J ** £* 

6 f BJo»^ £ k * ^ S* 2* < l w 
j f #* * » «& a> 72 *> | f " I KrS 

> i. fc 3ia* It it ft 6 f ^ it % k g» * 

i ? * a 1 i* - «! *■ | * * 



VERSE OP SCRIPTURE — TRANSLATION. 

For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten son, that 
whosoever believeth in him, should not perish, but have everlasting life. 
John 3 : 16. 

Soro, Kami wa sono umi-tamaeru hitorigo wo tamau hodo ni yo no hito 
wo aishi-tatneri : kowa subete kare wo shinzuru mono ni horoburu koto naku 
shite, kagirinaki inochi wo ukeshimen ga tame nari. John 3 : 16. 

PRONOUNCING JAPANESE. 

In pronouncing Japanese words sound vowels according to the follow 
ing table. 

a as in father, 
e as a in name, 
i as e in me. 
o as o in mote. 
u as oo in mood. 



86 ALL HAIL THE POWER OF JESUS' NAME- 

86, CORONATION, 8686, (c.m.J 



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CORONATION. 


















^4 H /tai/. tfie poivcr of Jesus 


name. 








1 Bammam yo Iesu 


no na no 


3 Yakobu 


ao yakara yo 




5 Yorozu no yakara to 








YIegumi wo mote 






Wubete no rami 






Aganaishi Kimi wo 






Miizu wo kashikomi 


Shu to agameyo 






* 


3hu to 


agameyo 






Shu to aganieyo. 


2 Saidan yori sakebu 




4 Shu no ai wo shitau 




6 Tokoshie no uta ni 


Akashi-bito yu 








rsumi-bitora yo 






Koe wo awase 






Emono wo tsuranete 






Chi-yorozu no 


mono no 


Shu to agameyo 








3hu to 


agameyo. 






Shu to aganieyo. 



JAPANESE IMPROVING OUR PROVERBS 87 

PROVERBS OF THE COUNTRY. 

After rain the ground gets hard. ("Good comes out of 
evil.") 

That which has been artificially joined together is easily 
separated. (Said of a husband and wife who disagree.) 

When you enter a district, conform to its customs. 
(" When you are in Rome, do as Rome does.") 

Curse a man and there will be two graves. (A curse 
strikes not onhy him ag-aint whom it is pronounced, but also 
him who pronounces it.) 

Even a Buddha's face can only be tickled thrice. ("The 
crushed worm will turn.") 

"The frog- in the well knows not the g-reat ocean." 
(Knowing nothing - of the world.) 

If you become a dog, at least be the dog- of a great 
house. ("Do nothing- by halves.") 

Blossoms on parched peas. ("Grapes on thorns and 
figs on thistles.") 

Even hell's judgments may be swayed by money. 
(" Mone3 r is the key that opens all doors.") 

Gold coins to a cat. ("Casting pearls before swine.") 

The best day to execute a resolve is the day on which 
you form it. ("Procrastination is the thief of, time. ") 

To reckon up a dead child's age. ("Crying over spilt 
milk.") 

If you live in a place, it becomes the capital so far as 
you are concerned. ("There is no place like home.") 

Do not use the word kekko (magnificent) until you have 
seen Nikko. (Nikko has the most beautiful temples and 
some of the finest scenery in the empire.) 

Just below the candlestick is the darkest place of all. 
("One has to go abroad to get news of home.") 

Pouring prayers into a horse's ears. ("Taking use- 
less trouble.") 



88 



MORE IMPROVED PROVERBS 



If you talk of a man his shadow will fall on you. 
(''Talk of the devil, and he'll appear/') 

Cross the whole world and you will find no demons. 
("There is kindness to be found everywhere.") 

Too many boatmen run the boat up hill. ("Too many 
cooks spoil the broth.") 

Drawing off water to one's own rice field. (Said of 
doing thing's from a selfish motive.) 

' ' The lotus that springs from the mud is ever the an- 
swer of the Asiatic to him who teaches that the human 
heart is corrupt, and unable to cleanse itself." — Cham- 
berlain. 






Chapter IX 

Religions 

HE religious of Japan are Shintoism, 
Buddhism, and Confucianism. Shinto, 
meaning "the way of gods," the native 
religion, is a mixture of patriotism and 
religion. It teaches the worship of the 
emperor, ancestors, and objects of na- 
ture, such as the sun, moon, stars, moun- 
tains, and sea. Its temples are very 
plain structures, with thatched roofs, 
and are almost void of furniture. The 
emblems are a mirror, sword, and jewel, 
which tradition saj-s were inherited by 
the first emperor from his ancestress, 
Ama-terasu, the sun goddess. They were placed in the 
temple in the province of Ise, and guarded by the virgin 
daughter of the emperor. The emblem which is displayed 
is a wand, to which is attached a strip of white paper cut 
in a peculiar way giving it a soft, f eatherj' - appearance as the 
breezes move it. It is the emblem of purity. The priest 
in his temple ceremonies waves it over any person or ob- 
ject that may be in the room when he is performing his reg-- 
ular daity devotions. Idols are rarely seen in Shinto 
temples. 

Buddhism, formerly a purely atheistic religion, teaches 
the transmig-ration of souls, the deifying- of humanity, and 
the worship of Buddha, its 
founder, as a god. Its hope of 
salvation is self-purification. 
Living a moral life in the pres- 
ent merits a higher life in the 
future existence, living an im- 
moral life leads downward in 
the scale, and fears of being 




89 



A SEASIDE SHRINE. 



90 



MAGNIFICENCE OF BUDDHIST TEMPLES— 




BUDDHIST TEMPLE. 



born ag'ain 
•into the body 
of a fox or 
other lower 
animal has 
led to the 
worship of 
animals. The 
end sought 
is rest in 
Nirvana, the 
Buddhist 
h e a v e n , 
practically 
annihilation. 
Its system 
of idolatry 
is a very 

elaborate one. It has thousands of magnificent temples 
built of the finest materials obtainable, and furnished with 
splendid equipments. They are gorgeously carved and 
burnished with gold and lacquer. The roof is always of 
tiling - . Beside the numerous images inside the temples, 
many others, both larg-e and small, are seen in groves, tem- 
ple yards, on mountain tops, and by roadsides. 

The people do not go inside any of the temples, either 
Buddhist or Shinto, to worship, and never gather there in 
audiences. Each person goes when he chooses and wor- 
ships. He approaches the door, di'ops his offering in a box 
prepared to receive it, then rings the bell to call the atten- 
tion of the god, waits a few minutes until he thinks the 
special god has had time to get ready to hear him, makes 
prayer and goes on. The prayers often consist in repeat- 
ing the familiar "Namu Amida Butsu!" "Namu Ami da 
Butsu ! " " Great Buddha ! " " Great Buddha ! " in the hope 



CHRISTIANITY'S HOLD IN" JAPAN 



91 




of securing- 
merit or as- 
sistance in 
entering 
Nirvana. 
The worship 
of one and 
all is from 
fear rather 
than love. 

Confucian- 
ism adheres 
to ancestral 
worship and 
filial piety, 
and also 
teaches that 
persons of 
low estate 
must be in subjection to their superiors. It has no tem- 
ples, idols, forms, or ceremonies. The religion of to-day is 
one that partakes of all the foregoing teachings, and the 
people promiscuously worship at temples of either Shinto 
or Buddhist deities. 

Christianity is now firmly planted in Japan, and we 
hope to see the day that these vain hopes and delusions will 
vanish, and God will be honored as Creator, Lord, and 
King, together with Jesus Christ as the Light of the world 
and Savior of men. 

' ' Arise, shine ; for thy light is come, and the glory of 
the Lord is risen upon thee." Isa. 60: 1. 

"As the earth bringeth forth her bud, and as the garden 
causeth the things that are sown in it to spring- forth ; so 
the Lord God will cause righteousness and praise to spring- 
forth before all the nations." Isa. 61 : 11. 



SHINTO TEMPLE. 
Priest in the Foreground. 



92 



BUDDHA- 




IMAGE OF BUDDHA AT KAMAKXTEA. 



DIABUTSU 



93 



DIABUTSU AT NARA. 

The following- description helps one to understand the 
picture on page 39-: 

" The image at Nara was first erected in the eighth century, destroyed 
during the civil war, and recast about seven hundred years ago. Its total 
height is fifty-three and a half feet. The face is sixteen feet long, nine and 
one-half feet wide. The width of its shoulders is twenty-eight and seven- 
tenths feet. Nine hundred and sixty curls adorn its head, around which is 
a halo seventy-eight feet in diameter, on which are sixteen images, each 
eight feet long. The casting of the idol is said to have been tried seven 
times before it was successfully accomplished, and three thousand tons of 
charcoal were used in the operation. The metal, said to have weighed 
four hundred and fifty tons, is a bronze composed of gold (500 pounds), 
mercury (1,954 pounds), tin (16,827 pounds), and copper (986,080 pounds)." 
'—Griffiftk. 
■3 

This image formerly stood out in the grove, but of late 
years a temple has been built over it to protect it from the 
weather. 

A very fine picture of the image of Buddha at Kamakura 
appears on the preceding pag-e. 




Chapter X 

Allied Presbyterian Churches and Mission Schools 

(CHURCH OF CHRIST IN JAPAN) 

N 1877, the Presbyterians represent- 
l^^fing seveu religious bodies, namely the 
Presbj^terian Church (North), Pres- 
byterian Church (South), Cumberland 
Presbyterian Church, United Presby- 
terian Church of Scotland, Reformed 
Church in America, The Reformed 
Church in the United States, and the 
Woman's Union, working in Japan, 
formed an alliance whereby the differ- 
ent missions represented would co- 
operate in building - up one native 
church, rather than several which 
would necessarily be alike from the 
fact that all are Presbyterian in pol- 
native church is called the "Nippon Kirisuto 
("Church of Christ in Japan' 1 ). Its member 
ship numbers more than ten thousand. It has one synod, 
six presbj^teries, sixty ordained ministers, and seventy 
churches, twenty-nine of which are self-supporting. Be- 
side these there are more than one hundred preaching 
places. The contributions for the year 1898 were 30,296 
yen (Japanese dollars). It has its home mission work and 
has also undertaken the support of missionaries among the 
Japanese residents of Formosa, the territory newly ac- 
quired by Japan. This body has churches in all but two of 
the large cities named in the chapter on geography. 

Every year the missionaries composing the Alliance 
hold a council meeting. They consider the interests of 
their common work, and make recommendations for the 




ity. This 
Kyokwai ' 



94 



THE PRESBYTERIAN ALLIANCE 



95 



promoting of the missionary work as carried on by them. 
This is not a legislative body ; it only recommends. 

Each particular mission holds its annual or semi-annu- 
al meetings and legislates for itself, g-overning its own 
work and workers. Our Cumberland Presbyterian mission 
holds its annual meeting in January, and is in session f rem 
two to three days. Prior to the regular opening, which 




RIVER NEAR NIKKO. 
One H'andred Stone Idols Are Seen Near the Roadside. 



consists of an opening sermon and celebrating - the Sacra- 
ment of the Lord's Supper, the younger members of the 
mission, who are engaged in language study, meet the com- 
mittee and pass their annual examinations. Until reeentl}" 
these meeting's were held in Osaka. Since the railroad 
facilities have been improved it has met in Tsu, Ise, and 
Wakayama, in the former city in 1899, in the latter in 1900. 
The native church, composed of the converts through- 



96 THE CREED OF THE ALLIANCE 

out the bounds of these respective missions, holds its an- 
nual presbyterial and synodical meetings and legislates for 
itself. Missionaries may belong to these presbyterial and 
synodical bodies. If not actual members they are invited 
as advisory members, which is just as good. 

From Dr. A. D. Hail, in "Japan and Its Rescue," we 
quote the following- : 

"The creed of the united church is as follows: The I^ord Jesus Christ 
whom we adore as God, the only begotten Son of God, for us men and for 
our salvation was made man and suffered. He offered up a perfect sacrifice 
for sin , and all who are one with him by faith are pardoned and accounted 
righteous ; and faith in him working by love purifies the heart. 

"The Holy Ghost, who with the Father and the Son is worshiped and 
glorified, reveals Jesus Christ to the soul; and without his grace man being 
dead in sin cannot enter the kingdom of God. By him the prophets and 
apostles and holy men of old were inspired ; and he speaking in the scrip- 
tures of the Old and New Testament is the supreme and infallible judge in all 
things pertaining to faith and living. 

"From these Holy Scriptures the ancient Church of Christ drew its 
confession ; and we, holding the faith once delivered to the saints, join in 
the confession with praise and thanksgiving. 

"I believe in God the Father Almighty, maker of heaven and earth ; 
and in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Ivord ; who was conceived by the Holy 
Ghost, born of the Virgin Mary ; suffered under Pontius Pilate, was cruci- 
fied, dead, and buried ; he descended into hades ; the third day he rose from 
the dead ; he ascended into heaven, and sitteth at the right hand of God, the 
Father Almighty ; from thence he shall come to judge the quick and the 
dead. I believe in the Holy Ghost ; the holy catholic church ; the commun- 
ion of saints ; the forgiveness of sins ; the resurrection of the body, and the 
life everlasting. Amen." 

Three schools of high grade connected with the Council 
have special theological departments to train the young 
men for evangelistic work. One is the Meiji Gakuin at To- 
kyo, in the central part of Japan ; another is Steel College 
at Nagasaki, in the south ; and the third is the Tohoku Ga- 
kuin, at Sendai, in the north. 

For the training- of women and girls there are five Bi- 
ble Schools, and thirteen Girls' Schools which give instruc- 
tions in the common branches as well as the Bible. Two of 



B 








CD 

B 




97 



98 SCHOOLS FOR CHRISTIAN TRAINING 

these are our own Cumberland Presbyterian schools, name- 
ly Wilmina Girls' School, of Osaka, and the Bible Training 
School of Tsu, Ise. In addition to these higher grade 
schools, there are many day schools and kindergartens, all 
working - together for the Christian education of the coun- 
try. But some one asks, " Why have the mission schools, 
when the government schools offer such good advantages?" 
Simply because the very thing that is needed, Christian 
teaching - , Christian training, is lacking. If the Church of 
Japan is to have its trained workers, preachers, evangel- 
ists. Bible men, Bible women, helpers, Sunday school teach- 
ers, and lay members to carry on its work as it should be 
done, it must have its training - schools by its side. A well 
known missionary said, "Experienced, developed Christian 
workers do not spring- full-fledged from the midst of idola- 
try. We cannot afford to wait for the native churches to 
evolve their own workers, hopeful as is the start they have 
already made in that direction." God's blessing has rested 
upon the mission schools in the past, and hundreds have 
gone from them to teach the way of life to their brethren 
who know not God and bow down to wood and stone. Hun- 
dreds more are in training now. Eternity alone will reveal 
the g-ood done by them. 

While a great deal of time in these schools is given to 
teaching secular branches, they are decidedly Christian 
schools. Every pupil in them receives daily Bible lessons 
in the class room, besides the morning- and evening- worship 
in which all join. Pupils are graded in Bible classes ac- 
cording to their knowledge of the Bible, just as in all other 
studies, and they follow a prescribed course. The question 
comes, "Why spend time in teaching English and music 
when that of the Bible is so important?" These are impor- 
tant, too. It must be remembered that an idolatrous nation 
has no Christian literature. By teaching- English as a lan- 
guage a new life is opened to the pupil ; he is able to read 




TENNOJI TEMPLE, OSAKA. 
99 



100 THE POWER OF MUSIC— 

our Christian books and to gather from them many things 
which will assist him in his future work. Some become pro- 
ficient in our language, and make valuable interpreters for 
the new missionary before he has become sufficiently ac- 
quainted with the native lang-uage to converse in it. Even 
after he has become pretty well acquainted with it, the Eng- 
lish-speaking man or woman is invaluable. 

What is true of literature is true of music. There are 
no Christian songs. Congregational singing is a thing - un- 
known except in our Christian churches. The sacred song 
books have been prepared by missionaries and their native 
brethren. Our s3 T stem of writing - music is used. Our 
Christian songs are translated into the native language. 
The young- people must be taught to read music, they must 
be taught to sing-. Where can this be done better than in 
the mission school? Wherever we hear our beloved songs 
of Zion sung we find that the leaders are almost always 
from the mission schools. Congregational singing is some- 
thing very attractive to the people, and often crowds g-ather 
around the church doors to listen. May we not sing- Jesus 
to them as well as teach and preach him to them? "Though 
they may forget the singer, they will not forget the song-." 

I hear ag-ain, "Well these schools are not larg-e and are 
very expensive." This is true in many cases, but if the 
few are well trained the next g-eneration will show more of 
the results than we are able to see day by day. We have 
only to look at the good results already attained to give us 
courage to be patient and painstaking in doing the routine 
work that falls to our lot and be willing, if need be, for oth- 
ers in later years, to see the results of our labors rather 
than to see them ourselves. 

" Do thou thy work, it shall succeed, 

In thine or in another's day. 

And, if denied the victor's meed, 

Thou shalt not miss the toiler's pay." 



IMPORTANCE OF MISSION SCHOOLS 101 

Mr. John R. Mott, Honorary General Secretary of the 
World's Student Christian Federation, after his "Around 
the World" tour three years ago, gives the following testi- 
mony to Christian schools : 

" We confess that we started on this tour somewhat disposed to look 
upon educational mission work as less important than directly evangelistic 
work. A careful study of the question in four or five mission countries has 
led us to attach the greatest possible importance to educational missions. 
No country has done more to deepen this conviction than India. Without 
doubt educational missions have opened a larger number of doors for the 
preaching- of the gospel than any other agency. They have furnished the 
most distinguished and influential converts. They have done more than all 
else combined to undermine heathen superstitions and false systems of belief. 
They are to-day the chief, if not the only, force to counteract the influence of 
the secular character and tendency of the government institutions of learn- 
ing. In the interest of the ultimate success of the missionary enterprise we 
believe that educationsl missions would be abundantly justified, if they were 
doing nothing but teaching science, history, philosophy, ethics and political 
economy in their right relation to Christ." 

Still others say, "The people we help to educate do not 
all become preachers, teachers, Bible women or helpers." 
They do not, but many of them do, and every person who 
receives this Christian training is made better by it and a 
much better home life is made possible. 

My short experience in a mission girls' school has 
made me feel that if nothing more were accomplished in 
our girls' schools than educating the girls for wives and 
mothers they would be of untold value to the cause of 
Christ. The Christian girls' school is where the native 
preacher, the evangelist and the Christian young man seek 
their helpmates. The girl may teach in a school or be a Bible 
woman or helper for a few years, but the home is her des- 
tined place and in that she may go on teaching. No father 
would think of allowing his daughter to remain unmarried 
very late in life. It is so universal a custom for the daugh- 
ters to be married young in Japan that there is no word in 
their language to designate an unmarried woman of much 



102 SOW BESIDE ALL WATERS 

more than twenty years. They scarcely know just where 
to place us unmarried women ; they are puzzled to know 
whether to call us girls or not, and it is really a very strange 
thing to them, that our parents have not succeeded in get- 
ting us husbands ! Some go so far as to think that is why 
we were sent off as missionaries, they could not find anybody 
who would have us. 

A native Christian of Japan has well said, "Religion 
and education are the two great foundations of a nation: 
school and church — these two stand in relation to each oth- 
er as the two connected wheels of a car, or the two wings 
of a bird : they must go side by side." 

" Go and sow beside all waters 
In the morning- of thy youth ; 
In the evening- scatter broadcast 
Precious seeds of living- truth. 

" For, tho' much may sink and perish 
In the rocky, barren mold, 
And the harvest of thy labor 
May be less than thirtyfold, 

" I<et thy hand not be withholden, 
Still beside all waters sow ; 
For thou knowest not which shall prosper, 
Whether this or that will grow. 

"Therefore, sow beside all waters, 
Trusting, hoping, toiling on ; 
When the fields are white for harvest, 
God will send his angels down." 




104 



Chapter XI 



Cumberland Presbyterian Missionaries: 




THEIR FIELD AND WORK 



EV. J. B. HAIL and wife began the work of 
the Cumberland. Presbyterian Church in Ja- 
pan in 1S77. They settled in Osaka, the 
commercial center of the country. The 
second largest city in the empire, it has a 
population of nearly a million. On account 
of its numerous water channels it has been 
styled the Venice of Japan. The Yedo river in 
its course around the north and west sides of the 
city divides into numerous channels, thus form- 
ing a number of islands. The upper end of the 
island where the river makes its final division 
is the Foreign Concession, and just across the 
river between the concession and -the main part 
of the city is another small island, on which is 
the seifu (courthouse) and branch postofflce. Be- 
side the natural water courses, canals have been dredged 
from north to south and from east to west through the 
main part of the city, thus connecting all parts of it by 
waterways. This was done for convenience in carrying 
freight to and from the river, where all commercial traffic 
was carried on until re- 
cent years. There are 
over five hundred 
bridges connecting- the 
different parts of the city. 
It is a railroad center 
and is a thriving - business 
point. From the begin- 
ning- of our work it has 
always been Cumberland 




OSAKA COURTHOUSE, 
Directly Across the River from Wilmina School. 



10S 



106 



FIRST CUMBERLAND PRESBYTERIAN SERMON— 




CANAL, IN OSAKA. 

Presbyterian headquarters. Nearly all of our mission- 
aries have lived there at some period of their service. 
From this center touring - has been kept up all the time, and 
as new stations have been opened missionaries have located 
in smaller cities and towns of the Yamato peninsula. 

By the time our first missionaries had become suffi- 
ciently acquainted with the Japanese language to begin 
preaching and teaching, thej^ were joined by Mr. Hail's 
brother, Dr. A. D. Hail, and his wife. The first sermon 
was preached by Rev. J. 
B. Hail on February 9, 
1879, and the same year 
a Sunday school was or- 
ganized. Two converts 
were baptized in the fall 
of 1880. Dr. A. D. Hail, 
in "Japan and Its Res- 
cue," says: "In 1881, 




OSAKA CASTLE. 




TOURING 



107 



about the middle of the 
month of May, touring in 
the province of Kii, Waka- 
yama-ken, or prefecture, 
was begun. Three tours 
were made during the year. 
The wives of the missiona- 
ries then on the ground, 
began a couple of women's 
meetings, which grew in in- 
terest and resulted in great 
good. November 21st of 
that year the mission had 
the great pleasure of wel- 
coming the first appointees 
of our new "Woman's Board, 
Misses Alice M. Orr and 
Julia Leavitt. They de- 
voted their time the first 
three years mainly to the study of the language. After 
this they gave themselves principally to evangelistic work 
in the chy of Osaka and the province of Kii. At first all 
the converts baptized in any part of the country were en- 
rolled as members of the Osaka church." We now have in 
Osaka two organized churches with native pastors, also two 
bodies of Christians who have regular weekly preaching, 
Sunday school, and prayer meeting services, but are still 
under the care of the missionaries. 

The touring has been kept up, and as new missionaries 
arrived on the field and were prepared for work, new places 
were entered and the old ones were strengthened. Al- 
though touring- is principally done by the men of the mis- 
sion, the women have not been slow in improving opportu- 
nities, and have been helpers all along- in this department. 
The physical hardships in missionary work come to those 



WEST CHUKCH, OSAKA. 




w 
o 



H S 



S C5 



OS 



108 



HARDSHIPS OF TOURING WORK 



109 



who do the itinerating. The}*- must travel through rain or 
sunshine, often climbing over the mountains or going- by a 
little coast steamer, which is a very unpleasant mode of 
travel. That my readers niay get a true idea of missionary 
work, I quote from the words of our missionaries their own 
experiences. Dr. J. B. Hail, of Wakayama, says in a re- 
cent letter : 



"To those who have never tried it, there is no conception of the exhila- 
ration that conies of a tramp through a storm of wind and rain at this sea- 
son of the year (November). We take our lunch at Takashiba. Here, while 
Brother Ito goes to pay his respects to an old friend from Tanabe, we rest at 
the hotel. When we were here last we preached from the text, ' Then shall 
the dust return to the earth as it was, and the spirit to God who gave it.' 
To-day the landlord, a man of about sixty-five or seventy, said, 'Is it true 
when a man dies his spirit will go to God ? ' I told him of the Christian 
doctrine respecting' death and the 
resurrection of the dead and the 
judgment. He said, ' I want to go 
to heaven when I die ; how can I 
get there ? ' There was no boat to 
Shingu, but I was glad I had to walk. 

" Spent the next day in Shingu. 
At the church in the morning was 
held the usual Sunday service. 
The night meeting was in a house 
in another part of the town. There 
was a large turnout, especially at 
the night service. There were many 
who came into the room and seated 
themselves on the mats. Others 
came in and stood during- the en- 
tire service. A large number stood 
in the open space in front of the 
house, while inany others stood or 
seated themselves in the shadows. 
Our Japanese brethren call this 
last class the Nicodemuses. They 
desire to hear, but secretly, for fear 
of their neighbors. 

" Miwazaki is the seaport for 
Shingu, and is about two miles and 




OSAKA WEST CHURCH SESSION. 



110 



NOT AVERSE TO HEARING THE GOSPEL 



a half away. The kocho (that is, mayor) of this village is a Christian m an 
a member of the church at Shingu. He is very anxious to have Christianity 
taught in the village. The people also are not averse to hearing the gospel, 
for to-night the house was full, and many stood in the front yard who were 
not able to get in. They remained through three sermons, that is, for about 
two hours, many of them standing during the whole time. To-day we came 
to Katamura. Here also we had a large crowd of very attentive hearers. 
Of course these crowds do not mean conversion of all, but they do mean 
that the people are willing to hear what the Christian missionary has to say. 
They will hear, but some of them will forget immediately what they hear ; 
some of them will discuss the matter over the hibachi with their pipes and 
tea, both the pros and cons ; some will want to investigate more thoroughly ; 
some will oppose ; some will secretly meditate, and some, no doubt, will pro- 
duce good fruit in renewed lives." 

Dr. J. B. Hail spent the first fourteen years of his mis- 
sionary life in Osaka, building up the work there, and tour- 
ing in the province of Kii, Mrs. Hail keeping up meetings 




MRS. A. D. HAIL AND OSAKA WEST CHTTBCH WOMAN'S CLASS. 



B 



Q 




111 




112 



HOUSE TO HOUSE VISITING— 



with the women and children. Since 
they returned to Japan in 1893, after 
their visit to America, they have re- 
sided in Wakayama, from there tour- 
ing through the same province as be- 
fore. He speaks of the condition of 
Wakayama in these words : 

" Through the pastor's kindness taking- my 
trip (itinerating-) in July, I have been able to do 
some house to house work. I have been greatly 
encouraged to find to what an extent Christian 
teaching has permeated the people of the land. 
I find that out of every three houses visited one 
has heard more or less of the gospel. I found 
many who were studying the word secret^'. 
Quite a change is coming over the thinking men of the community. There 
are a number in the condition of the Jews, ' who believe on Him, but who, 
for fear of the Pharisees, do not confess him.' The times are gradually rip- 
ening for a gracious ingathering. May God hasten the time." 



OSAKA EAST CHURCH 
Dedicated November, 189E 




Mrs. J. B, Hail. 



WAKAYAMA WOMAN'S CLASS AT WORK. 
The hibachi (brazier) Shows in Front. 



Miss Agues Morgan. 



MRS. J. B. HAIL'S WORK 



113 




MISS AGNES MORGAN AND HER CLASS OF GIRLS. 

Mrs. Hail, with her helper, visits among - the women of 
the church besides teaching- regular Bible classes for the 
women and children. She teaches some English and also 
has charg-e of a mission Sunday school. In a private letter, 
speaking of being lonely with Mr. Hail away so much, she 
says, "I have n't much time though to get lonely ; I do not 
have an hour to call my own." Miss Agnes Morgan, 
who for more than a year was stationed in the same place, 
says of the church there and elsewhere : 



"The church here is in most excellent working- order, the minister is a 
good pastor, the feeling- of brotherhood in Christ is good among the mem- 
bers, and the body is, I feel sure, both individually and as a congregation, 
moving on and up in Christian knowledge, experience, and life. It is not a 
perfect model but, considering all things, I think it is doing well, and that 
the churches, on the whole, in this land are gradually working out their own 



114 



TEACHING MISSION SUNDAY SCHOOLS— 



salvation into such a knowledge of the good and such an adding to their 
graces, that they will be neither slothful nor unfruitful in their knowledge." 

Mrs. Hail, Miss Morgan, and their helpers attended 
the morning Sunday school and preaching service at the 
church. In the afternoon they went to mission Sunday 
schools in different parts of the city. Three days in the 




SCENE ON THE BAT NEAR WAKAYAMA. 

week they worked together, the other four days they held 
separate meetings. 

Miss Morgan went once a week to a village a few miles 
distant from the city. At her first visit she did not expect 
many to attend, and was surprised to find an audience of 
forty women and girls. She wrote: 



'"It quite took away my breath and courage, for Lhad expected only a 
few women with whom to have a quiet talk ; but I had to speak to them as 
they came to hear me, and the L/ord helped me so that I could speak to them 
about his revealed word. My helper was fearful for me, because she knows 



MISS MORGAN'S FIRST PUBLIC TALK 



115 




OSAKA EAST CHURCH WOMAN'S CLASS WITH MRS. A. D. HAIL. 



how difficult it is for me to use the lang-uage, but she was relieved to find me 
able to talk right along. She followed my talk by going over the same 
points, making; clear where I had not been able to explain for lack of words." 

Miss Morgan said of her helper : 

" My helper is a helper in the literal and limited sense of the word. I 
study with her; she is my 'walking- dictionary' when I give a lesson, 
though I never teach in English, and follows me up after a lesson, going; 
over the points in an easier manner, sometimes expanding, and again illus- 
trating. The only thing we do alone is teaching our classes in the church 
Sunday school." 

Iii speaking of one special week, after making - a num- 
ber of calls, she said, "I could fill pages with the pleasure 
of this week's work, and the openings before us, but if I 
write too much I cannot do the work." Replying to a re- 
quest for items of news, Miss Morgan answered : 




s 
o 



116 



BUSY WOMEN'S WORK 



117 



" Most of my da3^s are so full that I pass from one thing to the next 
from rising- to retiring-, and often do two things at once, so please be patient 
with us. We are flesh and blood in strength, and human enough in our de- 
sires to prefer doing the work before our eyes. If only our number could 
be doubled ; there is work for any number." 

Miss Julia Leavitt, in Tauabe, is also in the province 
of Kii, and she and Miss Morgan inade two trips a year to 
Shing'u, going- over the same route that Dr. J. B. Hail goes. 
Miss Morg-an described one of these trips : 

"We stopped over night at four places, holding meetings each night. 
I felt more equal to this than I expected, for seven and twelve miles over 
mountains in as hot weather as May brings on these south coasts, does not 




SESSION OP OSAKA EAST CHURCH. 
Pastor Seated in the Center 



118 



QUIET, PLEASANT MEETINGS- 



leave one any too fresh for a meeting- ; but Miss Leavitt is experienced in 
both walking- and meetings, and as I had gone along to take notes on the 
work, I manag-ed to sit on the floor and help with the singing. We never 
began before eight o'clock, for nobody would come earlier, and it was ten 
o'clock or later before they left, so even sitting on the floor is not an eas}' 
thing when one's knees are as contrary as mine, and one is fatigued 
and so sleepy. The first night we had about a hundred children and grown 
people. 

" The next night there was a quiet, pleasant meeting- with a few Chris- 
tians and inquirers, also a few spectators. This was at Susami, where we 
have fotir Christians. At the next place there are only two Christians, both 
men, and one of them a policeman, who was on duty and could not come to 
the meeting. The children in the place crowded in front of the hotel, and 
when we closed the doors to get away from their prying eyes while we 
changed our travel-stained dresses, or rested, or ate supper, they would call 




FISHERMEN HAULING IN THEIR NET ON THE BEACH NEAR TANABE. 



LISTENED TO THE TALK ATTENTIVELY 119 

out to us to open the doors, and 'English ladies, preach to us,' etc. When 
Miss Leavitt did talk to them they grew quiet and came into the meeting. 
The one Christian man and other grown people came and again there were 
a hundred or more people. Two had Bibles and were studying them. 

" At the next place there was one Christian woman, a teacher in the 
school there. It was raining and we had no general meeting. This woman 
invited some of her pupils, nice little girls, and my helper talked to them, 
while the second teacher in the school and a number of other people came 
and listened. 

"Our next place was Shingu, our objective point. The church there 
has had no leader for awhile, and wrote that they were ' like sleepers and 
needed awakening.' We had some encouraging meetings with them. Three 
former pupils of mine are in Shingu and I had meetings with each of them. 
One, a graduate of Wilmina School, lives there with her husband and baby 
boy, having a nice little Christian home ; another is married, and we visited 
her twice and had a lesson with her. She has the Bible and hymn book she 
had in school, where she was just a year. The other is quite young ; she 
was in school but a short time. She, too, has her Bible and hymn book, and 
promised to go to church and Sunday school." 

Miss Leavitt has for several years been dividing time 
between the two churches at Shingu and Tanabe, remaining 
six months or a year in each place. During her residence 
in Shingu in 1895 I spent two months with her. The fol- 
lowing - letter, which I wrote for TJie Cumberland Presby- 
terian at that time, as well as tne foregoing ones of Dr. J. 
B. Hail and Miss Morgan, shows some of the difficulties in 
travel to reach that point. Since Miss Morg'an's letter 
was written the church has secured a pastor and is much 
encouraged. The accompanying picture is a recent one, 
having been taken especially for this book. 

" On the evening of February 4, in company with Miss Leavitt, I took 
passage on a little coast steamer en route for Shingu. The night was fair 
and by seven o'clock we were stowed awaj r like sardines in a box. Fortu- 
nately the boat did not tarry long and we were soon on our way. The sea 
was quiet and having plenty of blankets and wraps we made ourselves com- 
fortable on the floor, in one corner of the room, and rested during the night. 
We reached Tanabe by noon the next day, and as the boat was to stop for a 
little while to unload and take on more freight, we went ashore in a little 
boat and called at the home of one of the Christians. I was very glad to 
have the opportunity of seeing something of the place I had heard so much 




120 



A FIRM CONVERT 



121 




ON THE COPTIC'S DECK. 



of, although it was but a 
snatched visit. We reached Mi- 
wazaki by eleven o'clock the 
next night, and went to the ho- 
tel and remained there until the 
next morning-. After eating- a 
breakfast of rice and fish and 
the remains of our lunch, we 
took jinrikishas to Shingu, trav- 
eling over as pretty a mountain 
as I ever saw. The mountain 

sides were covered with azaleas and ferns, and with the sea in the distance 
it truly was a sight of which the eye never tires. As Miss Leavitt had re- 
sided in Shingu for some time, having come to Osaka to attend the mission 
meeting only, her house was in readiness for us and many kind friends 
awaited our coming. 

"I certainly did enjoy the two months' visit, and find that I have ad- 
vanced more in language study in that time than in any previous two 
months ; but there was no reason why I should not, as I had for a companion 
one who is thoroughly acquainted with the language and heard nothing but 
Japanese, except when we two talked. 

" Besides the regular church services, midweek prayer meeting, and the 
women's meetings, Miss Iveavitt goes into homes wherever opportunity pre- 
sents itself, and others come to her house to be instructed. The missiona- 
ry's house is always open to any who will come. At the morning worship 
the neighbors often came to join in the service. I was fortunate in having 
for teacher one of the elders of the church there. He would stay an hour 
after -worship and teach me the lesson for the next morning, so I was en- 
abled to enter into the service understandingly. His business, that of an 
owner of boats, was such that except when boats were coming in or going 
out and needed his attention, he "was free, and volunteered his service as 
teacher, which I was glad to accept. When this man first became a 

Christian, some ten years ago, 
he felt it his duty to take the 
pra3'er boards and all things 
pertaining to heathen worship 
out of his ships. The sailors 
all left him, saying they would 
not risk their lives in a godless 
ship, but he stood firm and 
would not permit one board to 
remain. After awhile men 
were willing to go, and now he 
has no trouble. At the same, 
time his wife bitterly hated 




ON THE COPTIC'S UPPER DECK. 




122 



WIFE CONVERTED- 



SUNSET AT SEA. 



foreigners and Christianity, 
and tried hard to turn him 
from his purpose, but the L<ord 
used their little boy to win her 
heart for him. Miss Leavitt 
was living- there and had an 
organ, and after the child once 
heard it he would cry to go to 
Replto San's house to hear the 
music. The mother did not 
want to go, but a Japanese 
mother will gratify every wish 
of a child if it is within her power, so she went often and not only learned to 
love the foreign woman, but also the God of whom she came to tell. She is 
now a good Christian wife and mother, doing her duty both in the home 
and the church, and loves Miss L,eavitt with the same intensity that she 
hated her at first. 

" Rev. J. B. Hail visited the church once during my stay at Shingu. 
In the morning he preached to the Christians and any who chanced to come 
in, and in the afternoon he, with three of the native Christians, went over 
the town and invited people to come to the evening service. Quite a num- 
ber came, remained through the service, and were very attentive. The 
young evangelist, who accompanied Mr. Hail on this tour, first gave a brief 
sketch of the f unamental principles of Christianity ; then the elder, of whom 
I have heretofore spoken, followed with the testimony of the change that 
had been wrought in him through Christ, and exhorted them to think ear- 
nestly about their souls' salvation. Mr. Hail followed by reading to them 
the parable of the prodigal son, making it the basis of his sermon, portray- 
ing to them the intense love of the father for his wayward son, and showing 
them that God was their loving Father and was just as willing to receive 
his wayward children as the earthly father was to receive his son who had 
wandered so far from him. This service was of two hours' length, but none 
seemed to tire of it, and one man 
at the close clapped his hands, 
as much as to say he approved 
of what had been said. 

" My leave of absence having 
expired, I began to make prep- 
aration to return, but had to 
wait nearly a week before the 
weather was suitable for boats 
to travel. The waiting proved 
to be a good thing for me, as the 
pastor "of the church decided to 
come to Osaka to attend the 




A ROUGH SEA. 



A COOLIE'S MISTAKE 



123 




ONE I MET IN JAPAN. 



presbytery, and I was delighted to have 
some one on the boat whom I knew. 

" We were sent on our journey by a num- 
ber of the Christians who walked with us to 
the village where we took the boat, a dis- 
tance of two and one-half miles, and after 
resting' awhile and eating lunch, they and 
Miss Leavitt returned, wishing to reach 
home before night. We remained in the 
hotel until the boat came, at nine o'clock. 
The steamers do not come very close to 
shore, and passengers must be taken out in 
smaller boats. Often the smaller boats can- 
not get within ten or fifteen feet of dry 
land, and there is no way of getting out but 
to be carried. One little bit of a coolie 
came and took my hand baggage and put it 

in the boat and came back and caught hold of me as though he would throw 
me on his shoulder like a feather, but, alas, he gave one groan and ran off 
amidst the shouts of his fellow workmen ; another one put me in the boat so 
quickly that I was astonished. 

" The weather was fair, but the waves were high enough to splash into 
the port holes, so, of course, they had to be closed. With a small room, and 
passengers as close as they could sit, you can imagine that the air was not 
very fresh. I said the passengers were as close as they could sit, but at 
every station more crowded in. When I saw the doorway crowded full I 
would think, Well, they cannot possibly get in here, but they did. It re- 
minded me more of salting down pickles than anything I could think of just 
then. One morning we can fill a jar full and by the next day we can put in 
a few more, and the next day a few more, and so on. I really did not feel as 
if I were any smaller, but I was getting quite uncomfortable, so I made my 
way upon deck. It was full and I dropped down on the floor in front of the 
purser's room. He was a very kind man and made me a pillow on the door- 
sill and asked me to lie down in his office. I could get the cool, fresh air, 
and was soon all right, and remained there until the boat stopped again, 
when I found room on a box outside. If ever I got down on my knees and 
bowed my face to the floor in thankfulness to any one I did to that man. I 
staid out on deck until we passed the last station and part of the crowd 
left. By that time the waves had gone down so the windows could be opened 
and the room was pleasant the rest of the way. We reached home Thursday 
morning about half past two, having started Tuesday evening at nine." 

Ill 1396 the work in Yokkaiicki needed help and Miss 
Leavitt moved there and spent one year encouraging- and 
helping - the church. Since then she has been in Tanabe, 



124 



MISS LEAVITT'S WORK AT YOKKAIICHI— 



where her work is Bible classes for women, classes for 
children, a knitting- class of fifty girls, in which Christian 
teaching is also given ; English classes, helping in weekly 
meetings at two kogisho (preaching - places) in the town be- 
sides attending' the regular preaching, Sunday school, and 
midweek prayer meeting services at the church. These 
things with the numerous callers and the necessary visiting- 
among the Christians and those who are interested in 
Christianity, to say nothing about touring, is enough to 
keep one missionary more than busy. Of course she has 
the assistance of her faithful helper in all this work. 




TAJSTABE CHURCH, 
Christmas, 1898. 



THE GREATEST NEEDS ARE SPIRITUAL 



125 




DR. J. B. HAIL AND TANABB CHURCH. 



There are two educated girls, members of the church, who 
help in the work in Tanabe. One is a graduate of Wilmina 
School, who is home recuperating from a severe illness. 

Besides the two trips a year to Shing'u, visiting - on the 
way Ago, Susami, Esumi, Tanami, Kushimoto, and Hongu, 
she makes frequent trips to the near villages. In Susami, 
where there are several Christians, they are asking for 
more frequent visits. In speaking of the work of this part 
of the field Miss Leavitt says : 

" Our greatest needs are spiritual needs, and the prayers of our sisters 
at home are requested for stronger faith and moral courag-e on the part of 
the believers, and a fresh anointing- of the Holy Spirit for all, that the word 



126 



MORE MISSIONARIES WANTED- 



of God may be more diligently studied and followed, and especially that the 
children may be led to Christ. But there is one great need that will require 
more than prayers. Cannot the churches send us more missionaries ? We 
on the field are actually getting- old. Should new missionaries be sent even 
this year, they would not be ready for full work before the last ones sent 
should be taking- their vacation. It would not be a loss of the most precious 
fund to spend in keeping more workers on the field. Even the province 
of Kii, though it was the first place opened by our mission after Osaka, has 






Wm 'U 




MISS LEAVITT AND HEE HELPER WITH THE BOYS' ENGLISH CLASS, TANABE. 



not enough to keep a hold on that we have gained. A hurried visit from a 
missionary, who leaves just as important work behind, will not be enough to 
cover our responsibility to the churches which have been planted with toil 
and tears and self-forgetful patience, to sa}' nothing of the surrounding 
country and towns where Christ is only a name. The way to train up native 
workers is to have missionaries, who will occupy new centers and attract 
those who have a mind to work, and select such as are fitted to do so, or to 
train for future work. Missionary households are also strongholds for 
Christianity." 



SABBATH OBSERVANCE BY WOMEN 



127 




MISS LEAVITT TEACHING BIBLE CLASS IN TANABE. 



Miss Leavitt says also : 

" One sign of progress is the renewed care with which the Christian wo- 
men are keeping- the Sabbath. Another is the way in which the Sabbath 
school children are beginning to apply in their daily lives the teachings they 
have received. Some whose parents are not Christians have learned to 
trust God and pra}^ to him daily in their homes. One little girl, nine years 
old, who comes to the knitting class Saturday evenings, forgot her yarn one 
night and started home after it, when she met her older sister on the way, 
who askerl her if she was not afraid in the dark. She answered, 'Yes, I 
am afraid a little, but my verse for next Sunday says, " Fear not, I will help 
thee," so I am trying not to be afraid any more.' The same child plays with 
another from a Christian household to whom she confided that she prayed 
every night and morning. During- an illness, her brother, who was making- 
preparation to go to the temple to worship, said to her, ' I '11 ask the gods to 
make )'ou well.' She answered, 'No, you need not; I don't want you to 
pra3 r to the idols for me.' This is only a little thing-, but who knows what 
God may do through a little child who knows him ? " 

In another recent letter she speaks of the death of a 
younger sister who was in the infant class in Sunday 
school. She says : 



128 



DEATH OF A LITTLE GIRL— MRS. HAIL'S 




REV. K. ITO, 
Pastor Tanabe Church. 



"The child was sick but a few days. 
The pastor helped to care for her the 
night she died. She would take medicine 
from him when none of her family could 
get her to do so. Near the last she kept 
saying-, ' Never mind, I 'm going; home 
now. I see pretty things all along the 
waj'.' She also exclaimed, 'God is in 
sight' (Kami ga mieta). Her mother, 
who knows but little of Christianity, did 
not know what she meant. No one had 
taught the child to expect such things or 
to speak of dying as going home. It 
could but mean that God took her, and 
taught her so that she was not afraid 
and showed her his love as she was leav- 
ing earth. When I went to visit them 
her brother asked me to pray with them, 
and as I did so he kept saying, ' Listen, 
sister, Miss L,eavitt is praying for you.' 
They asked the pastor to conduct a fu- 
neral service at the house before the 
body was given to the priests for burial. 
I hope they will become out-and-out 
Christians, and not only favorable to 
Christian ways. There seems to be a 
real change coming over public senti- 
ment regarding Christianity, and a 
greater interest among Christians them- 
selves. Many occasions come up for con- 
versations with those who come to my 
house visiting or on business, and so day 
by day a little seed is sown, which is 
committed to the Lord of the harvest." 



Dr. and Mrs. A. D. Hail reside at Osaka. Both the or- 
ganized churches, called the West and East churches, now 
have regularly installed pastors, but they still look to the 
missionaries for counsel and guidance, and there is a broad 
field of work in their vicinity. Mrs. Hail holds meetings 
for the women and children of both churches, and also at 
the mission points under the care of these churches. In a 
late letter, since returning to Japan in 1898, she says, 



WORK AMONG WOMEN AND CHILDREN 



129 




REV. A. D. HAIL AND FAMILY. 

" There is so much to do. I have had a number of opportu- 
nities to teach English but have refused all, for I have 
more than I can do among the women and children. We 
had calls to the 'interior,' but the Christians here would 
not consent to our leaving Osaka, so we will remain." 

Besides the city work, Dr. A. D. Hail makes regular 
trips through the province of Ise. ' Mrs. Hail accompanies 
him as often as she can. The following are extracts from 
one of Mrs. Hail's late letters describing one of these trips : 

"We left Osaka early in the morning- of October 9 — our Bible woman 
and I — for the province of Ise, where Mr. Hail had preceded us the week 
previous. It was raining- so hard that the tops of the little jinrikisha were 
drawn down over us in a most suffocating manner all the waj' to the station. 
We took a third-class car, as usual. As there were excursion rates, our train 
was full to overflowing, and, being the only foreign woman aboard, I sup- 
pose I was a special object of interest. They thought my dress came up too 
high in the neck, my arms were too long and slim, my dress was too long, 
and I was too long generally. As it is criminals who wear broad-brimmed 



8 



120 WATER-BOUND MISSIONARIES— 

hats in this country, they naturally wondered why I wore one, and why it 
should have flowers on it. 

" It was dark when we reached Tsu, but we staid over night with Mrs. 
Lyon, whom we found thoroughly absorbed in her work. Next morning' we 
moved on to Yamada, where Mr. Hail met us at the station and took us to 
the little Japanese hotel ; and we were glad to sit on the floor and eat on the 
the floor and sleep on the floor to get out of the rain. The Christians soon 
came to call on us and tell us of a woman's meeting appointed for that even" 
ing. However, we found when night came, that as many men as women 
had gathered at our preaching place. Their curiosity was aroused as to 
what we wished to say to the women, and when they heard how being a 
Christian made a woman a better wife and better mother, more conscientious 
in her daily duties and more economical, they were delighted and said, 
' Christianity must be a splendid thing for women ! ' 

"The next morning the rain was coming down in torrents, just as it 
had been doing for three days and three nights previous, with no sign of 
a let-up. Were we in our own home, with glass windows and ceiling above, 
it would be gloomy enough, but here it is the gloominess of gloom in this 
old, idolatrous town of some 30,000 souls. It is a place sacred to hundreds of 
thousands of pilgrims who come to worship at the old shrines of Japan. 
They come for heart comfort, for healing of the body, for sight-seeing, for 
blessings on their business, for sinfnl indulgence — all these reasons and 
many more bring streams of pilgrims constantly. There seem to be peculiar 
charms attached to the place and its surroundings. The spirits of dead em- 
perors are supposed to have their abode here as gods. Many of these pil- 
grims are now storm-stayed ; so are we. But for what different objects have 
we come ! We have a handful of Christians living right in the midst of this 
heathenism, superstition, and idolatry. Here we come to teach, to help, to 
encourage them as often as our scant treasury will allow. We have had some 
good meetings, the hearts of these Christians have been much encouraged, 
and many new ones have come to inquire about the ' new way.' 

"We had crowds of children to talk to at the meetings appointed for 
them. The Christians thought it a very providential thing for them that it 
had rained so hard and long that we could not get off as we had planned. 

" Having an engagement at a city fifty miles away, we were pulled 
through the streams of water to the station to meet with the disappointment 
that the trains could not go out on account of the flood, some bridges having 
been washed away. There was no help for it, but to return to our hotel and 
waite ; so here we are sitting on the floor of this furnitureless room. Here is a 
little brazier with a few burning charcoals in it on which sits a teakettle of 
boiling water. Occasionally we refresh ourselves with ' a cup of that which 
cheers but not inebriates.' We look out and see floods of water everywhere ; 
the houses stand up each like a Noah's ark out of the rivers that run through 
the town. Our landladj' brings in our dinner of rice and fish, then a bed or 
cotton comforter and suggests, as the day is turned into night, we had bet- 



ESTABLISHMENT OF AN ENGLISH SCHOOL 



131 



ter take a nap, and the gloomy hours will not seem so long-. The monoto- 
nous ' thud ' of the rain on the roof would no doubt send us into dreamland ; 
but there is no sweet ' patter, patter of the rain drops ' that sounds so poetic 
as that in America, but the incessant pouring- on the roof here is too prosaic. 
" In twenty-four hours the sun shone out warm and bright, and we were 
soon on our way to Yokaichi. It is a seacoast town of 20,000 inhabitants. 
The Christians gave us a warm welcome. We held an afternoon meeting 
there for the women. Nineteen of the best women of the place were out, and 
only five of these were Christians. "We had a good meeting and a social time 
afterward. They begged us to come up once a month and meet with them." 

Miss Jennie Freeland worked in connection with the 
Osaka East Church most of the time she was in the coun- 
try. The first year she lived on the concession, and be- 
sides being assistant in Wilmina School, she began an En- 
glish class in the vicinity of the church, which resulted in 
the establishment of an English School. As a teacher in 
the English School, she was granted a resident passport, 
which allowed her to live away from the concession. She 
rented a house near the church, and gave all her time to 
the English School and the work among the women and 
children of the church, encouraging and building up the 
con grega- 
tion. While 
in charge of 
the Wilmina 
School she 
lived on the 
concession. 

Rev. and 
Mrs. G. G. 
Hudson re- 
side in Osa- 
ka. His city 
work is near 
the center of 
the city, and 




CENTER CHAPEL, OSAKA, 
Where I Attended Church Two Years. 



132 



LOCATION OF CENTER CHAPEL 



is spoken of as the Center Chapel. It is about half way be- 
tween our West and East Churches, and a little to the north 
of them. They have reg-ular preaching- service both morn- 
ing- and evening, a Sabbath school, and the midweek prayer 
meeting. A night English class is also kept up. The na- 



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Gary. Ellis. Rowena. Noel. Donald. 

Rev. G. G. Hudson and Family, Lincoln, 111. Consecrated at Sedalia, Mo. Reached Japan December, 1SS0. 

tive evangelist lives in the house, which is a rented build- 
ing. The front room is fitted up for a chapel and his fam- 
ily live in the adjoining- rooms. 

The building- is well located on a street corner where 
people are constantly passing. The doors are pushed aside 




133 



134 A JAPANESE SOLDIER'S SEEKING— 

and many people stand under the projecting roof to listen. 
The Christians come in and sit down on the benches, others 
come inside the entrance way, .and still others stand just 
under the roof. Two years of the time I lived in Osaka I 
attended services at that chapel. One of raj chief delights 
was to sit at the entrance as Brother Hudson or the evan- 
gelist pronounced the benediction, handing out tracts. I 
have often taken a hundred or more with me, biit scarcely 
ever had enough. Nearly always some would come and 
say, "I would like to have one, please." I never had to ask 
anyone to take them ; just as soon as they saw me hold one 
out there were dozens of hands ready to receive it, and a 
pushing and crowding to get up to the door. One of the 
girls in school, who was a kindergarten teacher, accompa- 
nied me. She always went on Saturday and taught the 
kindergarten class, and on Sunday to teach the same chil- 
dren in the Sunday school. 

One Sunday morning when Mr. Hudson was away, my 
helper and I were leaving- the chapel when a young- man in 
soldier's uniform came up and asked where we attended 
services, saying that he had tried to find a church, but 
failed. He was a stranger in the city ; said he was a Chris- 
tian, and would like to see some missionary. She talked to 
him. and told him we would take him to Dr. Hail's. Mrs. 
Hail afterward told me that he stayed several hours and 
had the Scriptures explained to him. He said he was the 
only Christian in his regiment, which was then just ready 
to start to the battlefield of the war with China, and that he 
felt so weak to start out with so many who were not Chris- 
tians. He wanted some of the most precious promises 
marked, that he might be able to turn to them readily for 
his own comfort and perhaps that of others. As most of 
them were starting to battle they had more serious 
thoughts and were readj^ to listen to the truths from God's 
word. They knew that their religions give no peace. 



EACH YEAR MORE BUSY 



135 



f 


ii E 1 






: 














H> 



Brother Hudson and the 
evangelist aim to attend the 
Sunday services in the city 
and do the village work 
through the week. Mrs. 
Hudson does what she can in 
the work among - the women, 
and at present is giving as- 
sistance in the music teach- 
ing - in Wilmina School. She 
says : 



EVANGELIST IN NARA. 



" Each year in Japan finds us bus- 
ier than the year before. I am espe- 
pecially so with our little ones that are given us for cheer, comfort, and 
pleasure in this busy work. I am less useful in some ways, such as holding 
meetings and calling, but I do much more at home than I had supposed pos- 
sible when I was free to go outside for work. Our children interest the Jap- 
anese very much and attract callers. This gives me a chance often to say 
profitable things to them about children, and the responsibility of their rais- 
ing, and how helpless the mother is to do her duty toward them, day after 
day, without the help of Christ." 

Besides the city work Mr. Hudson goes to the villages 
north and east of the city in the province of Settsu, and 
south in the province of Kawachi. Two evangelists and 
one Bible woman are associated with Mr. and Mrs. Hudson. 

The past three years Miss Alexander has been located 
in the province of Settsu. She is in Takatsuki, fifteen 
miles by rail from Osaka. Her work is teaching - regular 
Bible classes among - the women and children of the vil- 
lage, an English class for men and boys, keeping - up a Sun- 
day school, visiting - both in the villag - e where she lives and 
neighboring - ones, and receiving and entertaining numerous 
callers. Prom a private letter received some months ago I 
quote some of her experiences: "It is Monday night. I 
am sittihg by a cosy fire in my little room which you know, 
and surrounded with thing's with which you are famil- 



136 



THANK GOD AND TAKE COURAGE— 




iar, so it will not be difficult for 
you to imagine you are spending 
the evening with me after a long 
absence, and I am posting you 
up on some things which have 
happened in your absence." 
After giving me the general 
news she says : 

" Sometimes I feel discouraged be- 
cause those among' whom I work do not 
become Christians, but when I think se- 
riously about it, I know there is every 
reason to thank God and take courage. 
Christmas night we had our celebration 
of the occasion. It would have done 
your heart good to have been present. 
The children's songs, Scripture recita- 
tions, and little speeches elicited the sur- 
prise and admiration of the older people 
present, and I believe will be a means of 
doing good. There were over one hun- 
dred and fifty present — such an attentive audience. Mr. Hudson and the 
evangelist were out and preached short sermons. In between the sermons 
were the children's exercises. It was a busy week for all of us, but we felt 
that we were more than repaid that night. 

"Yesterday I sat down to read a few minutes, when I heard some one at 
the door inquiring if this was where I lived. The visitor proved to be a 
teacher from a village a few miles away. He had studied the Bible some- 
what while living in Osaka, but was sent to this place before he understood 
very much of it. He came to ask me to teach him regularly. Soon after 
coming in he unwrapped his Japanese Bible and began asking questions. 
We talked for several hours. Truly we never know who is just ready to be- 
lieve. There can be no greater joy than to try to lead an earnest inquirer 
into the light." 

In a later letter to the Foreign Secretary, speaking 
of the great need of missionaries, she says : 

"Not only for the sake of the Christian churches which still need our 
sympathy, prayers, and counsel, do we need to strengthen our forces, but 
also for that greater work of bringing the good tidings to those who know 



MISS SALLIE ALEXANDER AND 
HER HELPER. 



WHAT A BIBLE DID 137 

not. There are millions on this island who have not yet heard of Christ. 
The other evening my cook was speaking- of her home village. She said 
there wasn't a Bible in the place until she went home after having worked 
awhile in a missionary's home. The neighbors gathered in to see what it 
was like, and one after another came, from far and near, to borrow the won- 
derful Book, so that it was seldom at home for a day at a time. One day a 
missionary and his helper landed there and went from street to street 
preaching and distributing tracts. It was the first time a ' Christ man ' 
had ever been there and great crowds flocked to hear them, but their boat 
staid in port only a little while. After the}' were gone, the people became 
afraid lest some harm would come to them if they kept the tracts and they 
went to return them. My cook said she went out and told the passers-by to 
keep and to read them ; that no harm would come from it and persuaded 
some of her neighbors to do so. 

" A few days ago a man who lives near came to the services and was 
much pleased. He wanted to know more about the Bible; said he had 
thought that all people must be crucified in the next world. Oh, how I long 
to be able to speak freely all that is in my heart ! How hard it is to be com- 
pelled to only half say the truths that are so important ; but will not God 
bless even the stammering tongue, if we trust him ? " 

In a later letter Miss Alexander says : 

" My life is made up of little things, little trials, little worries, little ef- 
forts here and there, little disappointments which did not seem small at the 
time, little joys and little blessings, shall I say? Ah, no, there are no little 
joys and blessings. The gifts from the Father are always liberal and gra- 
cious, even those things which seem small, fill the heart with perfect con- 
tent and peace. My daily life is made up of such trifling things, things 
which seem small when taken out of their relations, that when I begin to 
write them they seem too insignificant to tell. There is a dark side, too, and 
dark enough it looks sometimes, but the light of God's promise falls on the 
pictures and the darker scene is illumined with hope; and then the hard- 
ships and trials are not wanting, but they are different from what we would 
expect, and they are difficult to understand by those who are necessarily un- 
acquainted with the conditions which exist. Then there is another thing. 
If we were disinterested observers of the work in this country we could 
speak more easily of the disappointments that come ; but we are not. This 
is our work; our hearts are bound up in it. These people who fail us so 
often, who disappoint and try us — we love them. ; they are our brothers and 
sisters, and you know there is an instinctive desire in out hearts to cover the 
faults of those we love, and if they give us pain to keep the fact to ourselves." 

Rev. and Mrs. G. W. Van Horn resided in Osaka. 
Their location, Adjikawa Chapel, is in the extreme western 




138 



WORK AT ADJIKAWA 



part of the city, on the 
river near the boat land- 
ing. The locality selected 
has been a difficult field, 
but is fast becoming an 
important part of the city. 
A wharf is being built and 
gradually the river is be- 
ing dredged out to make it 
accessible to ocean steam- 
ers, allowing- them to come 
into port there. The 
church work has g - rown 
and they have been per- 
mitted to gather a goodly 
number of these people 
into the fold. Besides the 
city work Mr. Van Horn 
tours in a number of vil- 
lages in the provinces of Idzumi and Kii. I give his own 
account of a trip through the country. 



ADJIKAWA CHAPEL. 



"Recently I took a ten days' evangelistic tour in the provinces Idzumi 
and Kii. In the former province we have a Bible man, or rather lay evan- 
gelist, Mr. Okamoto, who works in a cluster of villages, numbering in popu- 
lation from 2,000 to 15,000. There are very few Christians in the neighbor- 
hood and progress is slow and difficult. L,ast winter, in the town where the 
evangelist lives, the opposition became so strong that for a time the chapel 
could not be opened for public service. When we had service at a hotel the 
meeting was broken up by a crowd of boisterous men, who hustled the evan- 
gelists around the room, even striking them, blew out the lights, and threw 
the hibachi (fire boxes) around, to the imminent danger of burning the house 
down. However they attempted no violence to me. But on my recent trip 
to the same place matters had quieted down and we had services undis- 
turbed, yet not very public, on Saturday evening. Sunday night we went to 
a country place and had service at a farmhouse. Some forty or fifty people 
came to hear the way of life, and I did so much enjoy preaching Christ ; for 
very many of them were hearing the blessed news for the first time in their 
lives, and perhaps it will be the last for many of them. There being no 






w 







139 



140 CARRYING THE GOSPEL TO JAPANESE— 

hotel in the place we were compelled to lodge at the farmhouse. This farm- 
er had been at my house in Osaka quite a number of times, so he endeavored 
to entertain us in good backwoods style, as the people here would say ' in a 
hea no fu.' After the usual ceremony of receiving the guests was finished, 
and we were seated in the guest chamber, the good wife waited on us with 
mochi, which she baked over the coals in the hibachi in our presence. Soon 
supper was served. It consisted of rice, soup, beef stewed in water, sugar, 
Japanese sauce, and horen-so (spinach). While at supper the people of the 
village began to come in, and we soon had quite a party sitting around the 
fire box, engaged in lively conversation. Topics of the day were discussed 
in typical rural style. About 8 o'clock the evangelist suggested it was time 
to commence services. We opened with singing and prayer ; then it was an- 
nounced that a foreigner from Osaka would preach to them. In the simplest 
way I could I told them of the true God, and Christ, his Son, the Savior of 
men. The Bible man then preached a full hour, during which time the 
young people were reminded that it was 10 o'clock and all retired. The next 
morning we took leave of our good host, and went to Sano, a town of 10,000 
people ; here we had a good meeting. Tuesday morning, March 3, I started 
from Sano to Sakamoto, a town in the province of Kii. The clouds were 
dark and lowering, and soon it began to rain ; before I reached my destina- 
tion it turned very cold, and a severe snowstorm came on. At Sakamoto our 
meeting was a failure, because of the bad night. Next day we — that is, Mr. 
Tokeda, an evangelist who met me at Sakamoto, and myself — went to Inade ; 
had a good meeting that night, although the cold was severe. Next day we 
went to a village on the opposite side of the river, and held services there 
that night. From there we went to Yokkaiichi, where there was once an or- 
ganized church, and there are still four or five Christians. We had a pleas- 
ant service there, and on Saturday, the 7th of March, we arrived at Kok- 
kawa, where Mr. Tokeda, the evangelist, lives. Had services there Saturday 
night and Sunday morning. Sunday evening we went to other villages, 
where we had several Christians, and held an interesting service with them 
that night ; and Monday morning, March 9, I started for my home in Osaka. 
I was fourteen days on the trip, held ten meetings, besides prayer meetings 
with the Christians. The weather was cold all the while and most of it se- 
vere. But I kept up all right and enjoyed it very much." 

Mrs. Van Horn's first years in Japan were spent in 
Wilmina School. A nervous break down caused her to 
leave it, and she has since been in the g-eneral evangelistic 
work along with her husband. In the city they have eight 
weekly meetings. Some are general while others are for 
women or children only. Their work is encouraging and 
they found it difficult to break away and come home for 




HOW CHILDREN ARE TAUGHT 141 

their needed rest, knowing 
that all our missionaries' 
hands are full, and that their 
field must suffer because of 
only receiving - occasional vis- 
its from other busy workers. 
W-^ Pour women have recently 

been baptized and several 

Rev. and Mrs. G-. W. Van Horn, Browns- 

ville,Pa. Consecrated at St. Louis, girls asked IOr baptism, but 

Mo. Reached^Japan October, Qn account Q f their living in 

heathen homes and having no 
encouragement but what the missionaries and native work- 
ers could give them at their meeting-s, it was thought best 
to defer it awhile. 

Mrs. Van Horn tells how they reach the children : 

" At one place where the people are principally poor, the Bible woman 
teaches a class in reading' and writing'. She manages to put in as much 
Bible teaching as possible. For instance, for their lesson she writes on the 
blackboard a verse of Scripture, which the children copy. This gives them 
practice in writing- ; then they read and memorize it, which gives them read- 
ing- and a thought from the Scripture to take home with them. At another 
place where the children are able to go to their own schools, she teaches a 
class in English, which usually proves interesting to them ; others again 
are attracted by knitting-, sewing, or crocheting-. At our reg-ular Sunday 
services they are taught Bible truths by various methods, such as questions 
and answers, a Bible story, or Bible pictures. All who come to the Sunday 
school take a thought home with them in some way. We also use Scripture 
cards freely. We can only sow the seed, and this we try to do in every pos- 
sible way ; God must and will give the increase. We sometimes have a 
magic lantern meeting, which entertains and, I hope, also instructs them. 
These are some of the most prominent means, and I think the most success- 
ful plans to reach children." 

The past year Mrs. Van Horn planned some prett}- 
picture cards on which are written, either on a part of the 
the face or on the back, the Lord's Prayer, the Beatitudes, 
the Ten Commandments, and other passages of Scripture. 
These have been very useful, and five thousand of them 




142 



EAGER TO SEE— 



CHURCH AT TSU, ISE. 



have been sold for 
distribution and 
as many more or- 
dered. They are 
bright and attract- 
ive, and many will 
receive them who 
would not care for 
a plain paper tract. 
She occasionally 
makes a trip to the country with Mr. Van Horn and has 
meetings with the women. In some of the places she was 
the first foreign woman that had ever been in the vicinity 
and was a great curiosity. The children on seeing them 
enter the village ran down the street calling out to the peo- 
ple a " foreign woman " is coming, and crowds gathered to 
see her. As soon as they passed the crowds, the children 
would run just as fast as they could and g - et ahead of them, 
and stop and wait until they passed again, then run to the 
next corner, and so on all the way down the street. At one 
meeting she had to stand on something - high to allow the 
crowds to see her. This, of course, is merely curiosity, 
but these same people could be won for Christ if there were 
only enough missionaries to g - o and teach them. Mrs. Van 
Horn says : 

" The dear L<ord has committed unto each of us a portion of his vine- 
yard to cultivate, and whether we be on this side of the great sea or that, the 
field is the same and the harvest immortal souls. The seeds sown have not 
fallen among- thorns or on stony ground. We know that some have fallen 
by the wayside and been picked up by the emissaries of Satan, and some have 
fallen on stony ground and been scorched out by the fires of heathen idola- 
trj r , but we also know that some have fallen on good ground and'will bring 
forth fruit, and will find their way to the light and maturity. Thus hoping, 
thus trusting, we continue to sow." 

Mrs. A. M. Drennan and Mrs. N. A. Lyon in Tsu, Ise, 
are very busy with the Bible Training School, evang-elistic 



WORK AT TSU 



143 




work, Sundaj?- school, 
and English teaching. 
Mrs. Drennan has gen- 
eral oversight of the 
work. A few sketches 
from their own pens 
will show how their 
time is occupied. Mrs. 
Drennan says : 

" I went to Ueno for a 
week's work, taking- O Yone 
San and two other girls with 
me. Every day Bible study 
was well attended by the 
Christian women there. We 
also visited and distributed 
tracts and speaking- to the 
people as much as opportuni- 
ty would afford. Over eight 
hundred tracts were distrib- 
uted by the girls. We rented 
another house for preaching 
in a part of the city we had 
not been able to reach before. 

The house was cleaned and fitted up with new mats, table, cups, etc., and 
our first meeting held by the pastor. An afternoon Sabbath school was 
opened. Mrs. Lyon came over Saturday and spent Sabbath with me in Ueno, 
but it rained hard all the time she was there, so that she got out very little. 
I was sorry for that, as I wished her to visit among that people. They are 
easy of access. While at Ueno I received a letter from the j-oung preacher 
at Shiroko, asking me to come there in a few days, as our pastor, Mr. Banno, 
would go over to help him in a meeting, because he was passing through a 
season of persecution and trial. The priests, growing jealous of our work, 
had been busy among the people, and caused them to refuse to rent us a 
house longer. We must within a week give up the house we were using. He 
had made everj- effort to secure another but had failed, as all refused to rent 
to a Christian, so this would be our last meeting. The next morning we 
-went in jinrikisha ten miles to the railroad station, then by rail down to 
Isu, forty miles ; ate a hasty lunch at 3 o'clock ; then took O Yone San and 
three other girls and the baby organ, and went out ten miles to Shiroko, 
reaching there in time for supper. Our pastor, the day before, had tried to 
call the leading men of the town together to talk with them, and show them 



Mrs. A. M. Drennan, Pilot Grove, Mo. Consecrated at Evanville, 
Ind. Reached Japan May, 1883. 




144 



SOWING GOOD Seed- 



normal SCHOOL, TSU, ISE. 



that Christianity is not a bad thing-, but he 
had only a few of the fifty to whom he had 
sent special invitations. So I found him 
and the young preacher both discouraged a 
little over the prospect for work in that city. 
However, they put up posters in different 
parts of the town. Six jinrikishas, one 
carrying the baby organ, and one apiece for 
the girls and myself, made a long- procession. We had to go through a large 
portion of the city before reaching the church, and thus we attracted much 
attention. When the hour for the meeting was come, which we expected to 
be our last, the house was filled, a large room, indeed three rooms thrown to- 
g-ether, then a wide porch full width of the house, then a good yard ; all of 
these were filled as compactly as they could sit on the floor in the rooms, or 
find standing room in porch and yard ; even out in the street they stood dur- 
ing two sermons, prayer, and songs. Many were of the best people, of the 
town, I said to our pastor, who made the best effort in preaching- that I 
have ever heard him. We all felt as if we were doing our last work there, 
and it must be well and thoroughly done. After it was over and all were 
gone, I said to him that I felt fully satisfied that the seed sown that night 
would yield its full harvest. The next morning, just after breakfast, a man 
came in to say he would rent us a house, and we could take possession of it at 
once. Thus we thanked God and took courage." 



Of the old ladies' Bible class in Tsu, Mrs. Drennan 
savs : 



" No one under fifty years of age is admitted to membership. They 
meet once a week for Bible study and prayer and they often turn it into an 
experience meeting, in which they tell of their faith, their hopes, and their 
joys, as well as their faults and trials. At every meeting each member is 
expected to bring with her some one who is not a Christian. The)' cannot 
always do this, but they try. You would be interested in seeing the happy 
faces of those who are Christians 
as they try to talk to the others, 



who know not their 
lead them to Christ." 



joy, 



and 



Mrs. Lyon has an En- 
glish school in which most 
of her time is spent. She 
says of this work : 

"We have formed what we 




SILK SPINNING MILL, TSU, ISE. 



REAPING WHERE OTHERS HAVE SOWN 



14c 



call an ' English Language Society,' and every day in the week, except Sat- 
urday, between the hours of two and four, I am teaching- English to boys of 
twelve and fourteen ; from four until six I have young men. Every Friday 
we spend the whole afternoon in an English Bible lesson. Most of them come 
regularly and many of the older ones are beginning to ask questions about the 
lesson. In this way we hope to plant some seed in the Master's field, and we 
are encouraged in this hope alread\ r by seeing some of them come to church 

THE J. B. HAIL FAMILY. 








Rev. J. B. Hail aud Mrs Hail, Pioneer Missionaries 
of the Assembly's Board. 




Mr. Will Hail, Teacher in Missouri 
Valley College, Marshall, Mo. 




Mr. Arthur Hail, Cumberland Uni- 
versity, Lebanon, Teun. 



and Sunday school, while others are coming to the house to study the Bible. 
Often after months of earnest and faithful teaching and effort to lead them 
into the light of truth, we find our students friendly, but to all appearances 
destitute of any religious conviction. Then again, perhaps, ^ve reap where 
others have sown, and it may be have gone away discouraged. It is not by 
one sermon or one lesson that these people will be brought into the fold. It 
must be 'line upon line, and precept upon precept.' Pray for us that God 
will vouchsafe his blessing, and that the seed sown in weakness may spring 
up and grow, bringing forth fruit unto everlasting life. ' He that goeth 
forth and weepeth, bearing precious seed, shall doubtless come again with 



9 



146 



TEACHING SCRIPTURE TO YOUTHFUL 




rejoicing 
him.' " 



bringing his sheaves with 



Of work an 
\ dren she says 



the chil- 



Miss Ella Gardner, Camden, Ind. Conse- 
crated at Nashville. Reached 
Japan July, 1893. 



" I have a very interesting- class of 
girls and boys, ranging between the 
ages of four and fourteen, in our 
morning Sabbath school. They are 
bright little people and very well be- 
haved, and also very attentive and 
regular in attendance. We teach them 
a text of Scripture every Sunday, and 
it is very encouraging to find that 
they remember and can repeat all 
they have learned. We have to begin 
at the begining to teach them. First, 
there is but one true God ; that he is everywhere present ; that he made all 
things, the earth and sea and all that is in them ; and that he knows all that 
we do. We try to impress upon them that every one is responsible to God 
for every act of life, good or evil, but that he is as a loving father who is 
willing to forgive if they but desire to be forgiven for every wrong they do. 
He is also a rewarder of all them that diligently seek him, and if they do 
right they will live with him forever after death. They have not been 
taught these things at their mothers' knees, like those in Christian lands. 
It is very interesting to me to watch 
their bright faces as these truths en- 
ter their minds, and I pray earnestly 
that they may sink down deep in their 
hearts, and draw them to the Savior, 
who is so willing to save them. I do 
wish you could hear them sing ! It is 
wonderful to me to see how quickly 
they will catch a tune, and as they go 
out from here they go every way 
singing the songs they have learned. 
Surely God will tise even these small 
things to the blessing of Japan." 



The Bible Training 
School was established in 
Tsu, Ise, late in the year 
1894, very shortly after the 




Miss Julia Leavitt, Bloomfield, Ind. Conse- 
crated at Evanville. Reached Japan 
November, 1881. First Mission- 
ary sent by the Woman's 
Board. 



JAPANESE— PROGRESS THEY ARE MAKING 



147 



return of Mrs. A. M. Drennan from her visit to the home- 
land. She was accompanied on her return trip by Mrs. N. 
A. Lyon, who was to be associated with her in the school. 
Rev. K. Banno, pastor of Tsu Church, 
is the president. Mrs. Drennan super- 
intends the work and Mrs. L3 r on as- 
sists in the teaching. The school is 
growing-, the girls are developing into 
good evangelistic workers, and much 
good is being - done. Rev. K. Banno's 
words to Cumberland Presbyterian 
missionary women are these : 




Mrs. N. A. Lyon, Evansville, 
Ind. Consecrated at Evans- 
ville. Reached Japan Octo- 
ber, 1894. 



"Dear Sisters: It is now over twenty years 
since 3 r ou began work for us in this country, and 

we thank you for it. You have sent us Mrs. Drennan and Mrs. Dyon for the 
work in Miye Ken, and also organized a Woman's Bible Training- School for 
those who want to work for Christ. The general evangelistic work in our 
country is advancing by the help of the different missionaries represented 
from your country, but we are young, so we need your care, your help, and 

3 r our prayers. I hope you will con- 
tinue to sympathize with us and help 
us." 



The girls coming into the 
school are supposed to have a 
fairly good education, but 
that is supplemented bj^ a 
special secular course of 
studj^ along- with Bible study 
proparatoiy to evangelistic 
work. A thorough course is 
pursued in Bible study, and a 
part of the training - is to ac- 
company older girls or Bible 
women in their house to 
Mrs. Drennan speaks of last year's work 




Miss Agnes Morgan, Watson 
crated at Lebanon, Tenn. 
Japan, 1889. 

house visitation, 
as follows : 



Mo. Conse- 
Reached 



148 



ENERGY DISPLAYED BY TEACHERS— 



" Wc have our house full again this 
year. A class of young women is 
earnestly preparing to follow their 
sisters of last year in doing active 
missionary work in the neighboring 
towns and villages. We now have 
live Sabbath schools. Three of them 
are in this city and two of them are 
out in the towns near by. One of the 
young women at the town six miles 
away is not a graduate ; so she must 
come home for school ; so also the one 
at Ueno must return. The work is 
kept up in these two places by young 
women going' from here on Saturday. 
One, however, has so much to do here 
in this city that she cannot leave on 
Saturday. She is the only one of the 
graduates here, and is such a good 
teacher that I want her to go out there for that Sunday school work. Rather 
than fail to attend one of our Bible meetings here on Saturday, she gets up 
and starts at five o'clock in the morning, walking ten miles to the Sunday 
school. As soon as dinner is over she walks back four and a half miles to 
the afternoon Sunday school, teaches in this school of fifty or sixty pupils, 
and then walks home, five and a half miles, eats her supper, and walks an- 
other half mile to church and back again, having traveled over twenty miles 
and helped in teaching seventy-five to one hundred children." 




Miss SaUie Alexander, Nashville, Tenn. 

Consecrated, at Huutsvillo, Ala. Beached 

Japan Octobor, 1804. 



Mrs. Lyon, speaking of 
the school and the work the 
girls are doing, says, "We, 
the workers, all attend the 
morning sehoo] at the church ; 
in the afternoon the girls of 
the 'Training School' divide 
up, some going to one place 
and some to another, but all 
teaching classes somewhere, 
SO that all are busy about the 
Master's work." 

From a letter written to 




Miss Jennie Freeland, Windsor, 111. Conse- 
crated at Nashville Reached 
Japan July, 1893. 



RETIRED MISSIONARIES 



149 




the women of the church by the girls 
of the Bible Training - School I quote 
the following : 

" We thank you for yotir kindness to us in 
sending' the missisonaries to preach the gospel to 
us, as it is in Jesus Christ. It is all by the grace 
of God, but at the same time you found it in your 
hearts to make the self-denial necessary in order 
to send them, and through their instrumentality 
we are broug-ht up to the high plane of Christian 
life from the depths of sin and degradation. 
The Lord has been so good to us in placing us in 
such pleasant circumstances. By his loving 
hands he has led us so far. When we think of 
his goodness we can never cease to thank God for all his mercies toward us." 

Mrs. Drennan says of the work in general: 

" There is a deepening interest ; many are inquiring about our religion, 
and we are praying for a great ingathering. The preachers, Bible women, 
and teachers all are working faithfully. Our church members are all doing 
what they can, an earnest, praying band. All are so busy that when one is 
brought in it is difficult to tell through whose instrumentality, as all have 
given a helping- hand. We are praying, hoping, and waiting for the outpour- 
ing of the Holy Spirit upon this whole province. Our work is growing slow- 
ly but surely." 



REV. K. BANNO, 
Pastor Tsu, Ise, Church. 



Mr. and Mrs. Worley, the new missionaries, have made 
their home in Tsu, Ise, and are studying the language. 

Several who were formerly members of the Japan mis- 
sion are no longer connected with it. Miss Alice M. Orr, 
of Missouri, who accompanied Miss Leavitt to Japan in 
1881, returned to America after some years of service, and 
is now the wife of Rev. J. W. Laughlin, secretary of the 
Board of Missions. 

Miss Bettie Duffield, of Missouri, went to Japan in 
1885. After her term of service she came home for a rest, 
returning to Japan in 1892. The following year she was 
married to Mr. Frank Mueller, professor of English in the 



150 . INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT 

Japanese Naval School at Etajima. Mr. Mueller was sent 
to Japan by the Young - Men's Christian Association. Both 
are active Christian workers. 

Miss Rena Rezner, of Illinois, reached Japan in 1886. 
Because of ill health resulting from a fall, she returned to 
the United States in 1893, hoping that she would recover. 
Time and treatment proved useless in effecting- a cure. 

Miss May Morgan, who was with her sister so long in 
the Wilmina school, was also the victim of ill health, return- 
ing - home in 1893. 

Dr. Mary Gault, of Ohio, went to Japan in 1892. The 
next year she resigned and was married to Mr. L. Suganu- 
ma. They live in Nagasaki, where she is engaged in medi- 
cal work. 

In the preceding pag - es, different missionaries have told 
of various forms of service. There is much similarity in 
the ordinary experiences. 

Early in the year 1897 representatives from all our 
churches, together with the preachers, evangelists, Bible 
women, and missionaries, held a meeting to celebrate the 
twentieth anniversary of the establishment of the Cumber- 
land Presbyterian mission in Japan. The report of results 
showed that during the twenty years 1,086 persons had 
been baptized ; 688 of them were still connected with our 
churches. Six native ordained ministers had become valu- 
able assistants. A school for girls and one for training- 
Bible women had been established. In addition to regular 
work, English schools, classes for the poor, and kindergar- 
tens had been assisted by the missionaries. 

The facts that can be put down in black and white are 
not so numerous as those which can be seen and felt rather 
than told. Neither can the workers in this country realize 
the extent of any of these results. Speaking- of this fact, 
Rev. A. D. Hail, D.D., said that the churches in America 
were in the dynamo room, from whence came the means of 



MISSION WORK 



151 



illumination, but from it they could not see all the grand 
effects of their efforts. The missionaries in Japan behold 
the transformed lives and faces of those to whom the 
churches send the gospel light. 




Rev. and Mrs. J. C. Worley, the new missionaries to Japan, located at Tsu, Ise. 




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152 




Chapter XII 

Wilmina Girls' School 

N 18S2 our missionaries on the field felt the 
need of a school into which they might 
gather some of the girls of Japan and edu- 
cate them for Christian service. They 
presented the matter to our Woman's 
Board of Missions, asking that funds be 
raised for that purpose. The money was 
soon raised, the largest donation, one thou- 
sand dollars, being given by Mr. William 
Saunders, of Austin, Texas, in memory of 
his wife. It seemed the fitting thing to link the donor's 
name "Will" with that of his wife "Mina" in giving the 
name, thus making it Wilmina. 

The hearts of the missionaries were indeed made glad 
when they were informed that the money was ready. The 
following year our Japan mission purchased for the Wom- 
an's Board of Missions lot No. 22 on the Foreign Conces- 
sion, Osaka, Japan, for the g-irls' school. It was formally 
opened in January, 1884, and Mrs. A. M. Drennan was made 
principal. She remained in the school four years, doing 
heroic work for her Master. Since that time Mrs. G. W. 
Van Horn, Miss May Morgan, Miss Agnes Morgan, and 
Miss Jennie Freeland have at different periods had charge 
of the work. Connected also with it as assistants have been 
Miss Bettie Duffield, Miss Rena Rezner, Miss Sallie Alex- 
ander, and the writer. 

My own experience as assistant in the school began in 
the fall of 1893 and closed with 1896. During these three 
years of pleasant associations Miss Agnes Morgan was the 
efficient principal. During her temporary absence of one 
year Miss Sallie Alexander and I carried on the work. 
The first year the assistants' work was shared with Miss 
Jennie Freeland that we might have ample time for lan- 

153 



154 



HOW WILMINA SCHOOL IS CONDUCTED- 



mission 



guage study. These were 
happy years, and it is from 
them that I draw my picture 
of Wilmina School. 

This, as all other 
schools, is a 
school 

accommodate convenient- 
ly about fifty boarders. 
The lower rooms are 
chapel, reception 
room, class rooms, 



boarding 
The building will 



dining 



room, and 
kitchen. The sec- 
ond floor furnishes 
living rooms. 
The south wing, 
which consists of 
three lower and 
two upper 
rooms, is set 
apart for 
the apart- 
ments of for- 
eign teach- 
ers. 

The ear- 
ly morn- 
ing bell 
tells all 
that the 
night rest 
is over 
and it is 
time to be- 




g i n the 

work of 

the day. 

The ones 

who are to 

help in the 

kitchen or 

the dining 

Y room go 

there, and 

others busy 

themselves 

in putting 

beds to air 

.and in assist- 



ao 



Miss Freeland and 
"Wilmina School Girls. 



girls who are 
under their care. 
One of the older 
girls is always 
head of a room, 
and it is her duty to see 
/ that the room is prop- 
erly cared for and the 
younger girls neatly 
dressed. At the ringing 
of the six o'clock bell all 
go to the dining - room and 
seat themselves in their 
accustomed places around 
the low table, when the 
matron, teacher, or one of the 
older girls asks God's blessing 
upon their food. Breakfast 
over, each goes to her ap- 



RELIGIOUS CHARACTER OF THE SCHOOL 155 

pointed task ; some to help with dish washing and tidying 
the dining room, others to their rooms to fold up bed- 
ding- and put it away in the wardrobe, and making the rooms 
neat, for the whole house must be in order and every one 
ready for the chapel services at 8 o'clock. 

One of the Japanese teachers usually leads the morning- 
devotion, which consists of Scripture reading, singing-, and 
prayer. All have Bibles and hymn books and take part in 
the service. At its close all go to their respective class 
rooms for the daily Bible lesson. One class may have a les- 
son in the New Testament in the gospels, another the epis- 
tles. Others have Old Testament history, or prophecy, or 
evidences of Christianity. One class begged to study the 
Revelation. They said, "We do not know all there is in 
the gospels, nor all about history and prophecy, but we 
know nothing of Revelation, and this is our last year in 
school. Won't you please teach us Revelation?" I taught 
them at the beginning- of the term and Miss Alexander the 
latter part of it, and we both felt that we had never had a 
more interesting class. They were studying in earnest, 
and it was such a pleasure to see them grasp the truth. 
There was scarcely a morning that either of us went before 
the class without having- spent from a half to three-quarters 
of an hour, in the early morning- by our own fireside, pre- 
paring- the lesson tog-ether. We studied with the best 
"helps" and asked God, day by day, to help us understand 
and teach aright. 

Other things taught in this school are about as one 
finds in a girls' academy in this country. The primary de- 
partment was discontinued in 1890. Where we study Eng- 
lish they study Japanese. They have geography, history, 
mathematics, sciences, drawing, penmanship, sewing, eti- 
quette, and calisthenics. Instead of Latin they study Chi- 
nese, for a great many Chinese characters are used in their 
writing and numerous words in their languag-e. For spe- 



156 NOT DIFFERENT FROM AMERICAN SCHOOLS— 

cial language study they have English. In this they have 
spelling, reading, writing, and conversation. A good knowl- 
edge of English opens up a world of Christian literature. 
They have music, both vocal and instrumental. 

A day in Wilmina School is not very different from a 
school day in America. The branches in Japanese and Chi- 
nese are taught by competent Japanese teachers. Four 
o'clock closes the school hours, and all get out for exercise 
and rest. After a walk or other outdoor exercise, the 
school rooms are put in order for the next day ; girls with 
brooms, scrub-brushes, and dusters can be seen from every 
door, and as, according to the old adage, "many hands make 
quick work," everything- is soon neat and clean. After- 
evening prayers all are expected to meet in one room for 
study, the younger ones being dismissed and allowed to re- 
tire an hour earlier than the older ones. The routine of 
each day's work is about the same. On Friday nig-ht the 
older girls attend the weekly prayer meeting at the church. 
The school attends our Osaka West Church. Saturday is 
general cleaning- day, and Saturday night is play night. All 
assemble in the large room upstairs, and each spends the 
evening- as she chooses. There is great variety of work 
and play, some sewing-, others patching, darning-, writing- a 
letter home, reading, talking, singing, or playing. This 
was always a pleasant evening to me, and I tried not to al- 
low anything to prevent my spending Saturday evening- 
with the girls. We learned to know each other better, and 
it was good practice for me in talking- their language ; they 
jealously guarded my language and were very careful to cor- 
rect any mistake I made. They would tell me so kindly, 
" Sensie, you do n't say it that way, it is this way. " Some- 
times an evening- was given to an impromptu entertainment. 
Out of whatever clothing- they had at hand, costumes were 
improvised and character plays given. One evening, I re- 
member well, was given to impersonating- different mission- 



ATTENDING RELIGIOUS WORSHIP 157 

aries of their acquaintance. We could readily recognize 
others, but were not so quick at seeing ourselves. Remem- 
bering that in school I was known as the "haiyay hito" 
(quick person), I was not long in recognizing myself when 
one of the girls, straightening up her shoulders, with head 
erect, taking quick, short steps, went across the room as if 
intent on going somewhere. The 9.30 bell put an end to 
these recreations, and we went to our rooms light hearted 
and happ3 T , to enjoy the night's rest. 

Sunday morning- the rising bell was a little later, but 
all were expected to be ready for prayers at 8 o'clock. All 
came to chapel dressed for Sabbath school and church, as 
we started immediately after. The distance is about three- 
quarters of a mile, and at the tap of the bell all fell in line 
by twos, the younger ones in front, followed by older ones 
and teachers, and walked to the church. The principal at- 
tended with the school. Assistant teachers had work in 
other places. With one girl as helper I went a different 
street to Center Chapel. Some of the girls taught in the 
morning- Sabbath school, but most of them were in classes. 
After these services we all went home and until 2.30 o'clock 
saw very little of each other. The home was very quiet. 
At 2.30 two girls accompanied Miss Alexander to the new 
kogisho (preaching- place) opened by the West Church, in a 
different part of the city, and from four to six others ac- 
companied by the matron returned to the church and con- 
ducted a Sabbath school for the street children. They 
walked from the school to the church, inviting every child 
they saw to go with them. The children were not all as 
clean and neat as we mig-ht expect. Many of them were 
nurse girls with babies on their backs. In fact, the babies 
were so numerous that some girls were delegated to go 
along and care for them while others did the teaching. 

This work was begun at the request of the school g'irls, 
and aside from sympathy, financial aid, and encouragement 



158 SCHOOL GIRLS TEACHING POOR CHILDREN 

it has been carried on by them, and one Christian man. A 
hundred children have thus been taught regularly, besides 
the many transient ones. After this had been done for 
quite awhile, the girls asked if they might visit the homes 
of these children and talk to the mothers. They were per- 
mitted it, and whenever they had a spare hour through the 
week it was improved in this way. Since returning - home 
encouraging words have come from time to time of this 
work, and though the work and workers change, the spirit 
manifested here will be seen wherever earnest Christians 
labor. The following words have been encouraging- to me, 
and I believe they will be to others who are interested in 
this school and others of like nature. I quote from a letter 
from Miss Alexander: "I've just been listening to the 
girls tell of their experience in visiting the homes of the 
Sunday school children. I wish you could see their faces 
shine as they tell about it. One of them said, 'I never 
tried before to go out and tell the people about God and a 
Savior, and they heard me so gladly.' " 

Miss Leavitt says, "I just wish you could see the ear- 
nestness and joy of the g-irls in their work of visiting the 
homes in the neighborhood of the West Church." Calling 
the eldest one by name, she says, "She is a captain in the 
way she manag'es the forces and makes a charge at people. 
She seems to have no thought of herself at all, but is just 
bent on making people hear and understand. The congre- 
gations have increased visibly since they began this work, 
and the pastor is equal to the occasion in teaching them." 

Miss Morgan says, "The Sunday school and mission- 
ary work goes on." She gives the names of the girls who 
are at work and of others who ask to be allowed to go and 
help, and says, "So you see they work well, being willing." 
Calling the name of the eldest (the one referred to by Miss 
Leavitt), she says, " She takes her lunch and does not come 
home on Sunday until after the night service. She is 




END OP MIDDLE ISLAND, OSAKA. 
A Favorite Besort for Tired Missionaries, since it is only Two Minutes' Walk 
from the Concession. A Pile cf Logs under the Pine Tree serves for a 
Seat. 



159 

the moving- 
spirit i n 
both Sun- 
day school 
and evan- 
gelistic 
work, and 
does it of 
her own ac- 
cord, be- 
yond sym- 
pathy and 
encourage- 
ment. I do 
not urge 
her. She gets no money for this work, and all the girls do 
it from heart and soul. It is a fine training - for them. The 
report of this work has gone out all around, and it is consid- 
ered an excellent thing-, and, after all, it is really Wilmina 
Girls' School mission work, isn't it?" 

When all were home and rested we usually gathered 
around the org-an and sang for awhile; sometimes with 
Miss Morgan at the organ, other times one of the girls. 
We sang either Japanese or English. We enjoyed this 
very much, and the supper bell came all too soon. In the 
evening- the older girls ag-ain went to church for the preach- 
ing service. The younger ones had a short lesson at home 
and retired early. It was a g-reat pleasure to me when it 
became my duty to teach the home class on Sunday even- 
ing. Gathering- them around me in my room, I was not 
afraid of my own voice and tried as best I could to tell them 
in their own language some of the sweet truths contained 
in God's word. There was one girl in the class who 
grasped the truth so readily she could explain it to others. 



160 GRADUATING EXERCISES OF 1894- 

If I could not with my limited use of the language put the 
thougmt plainly enough, she would say, "Sensie, may I say 
it for' you *?" and then she would give such a distinct expla- 
nation that I, as well as the class, could get it clearly. 

Missionaries do most of the English, music, and Bible 
teaching- in the school. We have our regular duties and 
our irregular ones, and sometimes the irregular ones out- 
number the regular. These girls are altogether in our 

o o o 

care, far away from their parents, and, like American g'irls, 
they need guarding and guiding ; they need to be brought 
into close contact with us in confidential talks if we expect 
them to grow to be strong - Christians. 

We try to call occasionally at all the homes, both of the 
girls who are in school and those who have been in since 
our acquaintance with it. 

Mrs. A. D. Hail has given such a good description of 
the g-raduating exercises of 1894 that I quote her words : 

" Girl nature is much the same in Japan as in America, and nowhere do 
we see this fact manifest itself so much as on school commencement occa- 
sions. The principal differences are external and pertain more to the ages 
of national customs back of them, and national peculiarities, than to any- 
thing' else. We were reminded of this again very impressively as the annu- 
al commencement in our girls' school for 1894 drew near. An observant out- 
sider could have told very well by the little peculiarities in their movements 
that the occasion of the year was at hand. Groups of older scholars in ear- 
nest conversation, emphasizing their statements with humble little bowings 
of grace and courtesies, the younger ones running hither and thither at in- 
tervals of leisure from study, with an unusual haste for Japanese, indicated 
that even they felt great responsibilities for the success of the coming- event. 

" The lower grades of the school girls had been duly examined, after 
their ten months of study, and had received their certificates of work and 
promotion, while others had come to that momentous period in school girl 
life long looked forward to, graduation. With those who had reached the 
dignity of outgoing' seniors, the two questions of great moment were a fitting- 
costume for the occasion and a creditable composition ; and, withal, a proper 
ornamentation of the school room for the public event. The two large school 
rooms were thrown together, by the removal of the ' shoji,' or sliding doors, 
and beautifully decorated with evergreens, ferns, and flowers. The small 
school benches were taken out, bright carpets laid on the floor, and comforta- 



LARGEST CLASS SENT OUT 



161 



ble seats were borrowed from the church, on which were placed a bountiful 
supply of new fans, that were much appreciated by the audience that hot 
day. The girls were dressed in their most becoming" costumes and wore 
white chrysanthemums in their hair. 

"The music rendered by the pupils was exceptionally good, both instru_ 
mental and vocal, and did much credit to their teacher as well as themselves. 

"There were nine graduates, the largest class ever sent out from this 
school, some having" taken the longer school course, some the shorter. Their 
compositions were well written and well read. Some of them were in Jap- 
anese, some in English. As the name of each girl was called out, she arose 





Wilmina Graduates. 

from her seat and came forward with measured deliberateness to the desired 
point, then, stepping- backward, bowed low to those in front, the audience re- 
turning the salutation ; then slowly unrolled her composition and read dis- 
tinctly and with great self-possession. Having finished, she deliberately 
rolled up her composition, gracefully courtesied, and retired to her seat, after 
which two little girls in bright colors came forward and presented her with 
a lovely basket of fresh flowers, which was received by her with becoming 
grace. Rev. Mr. Baba, pastor of the West Church, delivered an address on 
'Female Education,' which was followed by the presentation of diplomas, 
by Miss Agnes Morgan, principal of the school. Refreshments were then 



10 



162 



PROGRESS IS BEING MADE- 



served, each person present receiving- a pretty 
little basket made of the stems of ferns, filled 
with sweetmeats in colors, beautifully arrang-ed. 
Then the tiny cups of tea were passed, the bene- 
diction offered, and the very interesting- exer- 
cises were over. 

"In a few more hours the school g-irls had 
disappeared, some in jinrikishas, with their lit- 
tle baskets of clothes accompanying them, others 
on the little coast steamers sailing- across the bay 
to their mountain homes." 

This finishes my picture. Others 
who have been in the school a longer 
or shorter period can make one of 
other years and other experiences. 
There have been all along the years 
ups and downs, joys and sorrows, and 
each one has done her best under fa- 
vorable or unfavorable circumstances 
to do the Lord's will in trying to make 
this part of the work what he would 
have it be. In so far as it has been 
successful we give all praise and hon- 
or to Him who counted us as worthy 
instruments to be used in this part of 
his field, and we rejoice with all who have, either in person 
or by means given, worked in this school, that results are 
visible and that God is being- praised in this department of 
work. 

Dr. A. E. Hail in Japan and Its Rescue says, "There 
has been a total of fifty-eight baptisms from the beginning 
of the school. Of the fifty or more preparatory and aca- 
demic graduates, forty-three are Christians. There has 
been an attendance of over two hundred in all from the be- 
ginning of the school." 

Many of these girls are wives of preachers, evang-elists, 
elders, and other Christian men. Some are Bible women, 



1 




at 


! :: T': 

I 


& ifSralnS s 



A Wilraina Graduate. 



EXERTING CHRISTIAN INFLUENCE 163 

trained nurses, and helpers. Others are exerting Chris- 
tian influence in various ways, and, most important of all, 
perhaps, every girl who has attended the school is still hav- 
ing a Christian influence exerted upon her by the Holy 
Spirit. Miss Agnes Morgan says, "I think we can truly 
say that no girl ever attended our school, even for a few 
months, without getting Christian impressions that can 
never be erased, and Christian seed sown in her heart that 
will bear fruit in her life or that of her children." Like the 
waves of the sea, influences when set in motion go on ever 
rolling, and we know not where they stop. Some one has 
said, "Life is, like cloth, woven a thread at a time." May 
we not rejoice that we have been permitted, through divine 
guidance, to weave a few golden threads of Christ's love 
into the lives of these dear Japanese girls ? 

The following letter from one of the young girls of the 
school came to me soon after reaching- home. My father's 
death occurred while I was on my way home. These were 
sweet and comforting words to me. For the beautiful 
thoughts expressed I give it to my readers. This is not a 
translation ; it is her own composition in English. 

" Wilmina Girls' School, Osaka, Japan, May 31, 1897. 

" My Dear Teacher : I am very glad that you gave a kind letter to me, 
but, my dear teacher, I am very sorry that I did not write to you before ; 
please excuse me. When you arrived at your home and your father was not 
there it was very sad. When I heard of you I cried out for you. Indeed you 
will have called to your father's soul looking- up to heaven. But, my dear 
teacher, do not be sad; your father is singing- of happiness in heaven. I 
thank God that your health is pretty well. After a few months you will be 
entirely well ; then will you see our school and girls again 7 I wish you to 
do so. All the flowers which are blooming in the garden that was made by 
you and Miss Alexander are perfumed for your reception. Let them not wait 
in vain. 

" I have many things to write, but I am troubled to spell ; so at another 
time I will write a letter to you again. 

" The girls give many regards to you. Your loving pupil, 

"S. S." 



164 



WHAT WILL WILMINA'S FUTURE BE? 



What the future has in store for Wihnina School under 
the new treaties and various regulations we cannot predict. 
Permission to open has been granted us by the government, 
and the managers will do the best possible work, praying 
that what seem to be hindrances may be removed soon. 
Miss Agnes Morgan is welcomed as principal again. 




Chapter XIII 




Home Life of Missionaries 

HAVE been asked, "Well, how do you 
live in Japan ? Do you have any home, 
or do you travel all the time? Do you 
have chairs, tables, and beds? Do you 
really have what you want to eat? Do 
you have any pleasure at all?" and so 
many similar questions that I decided 
to devote a few pages of this volume to 
the home life of the missionaries. 

Those who live on foreign conces- 
sions, such as the one at Osaka, have 
houses built in European style, and they 
are furnished to suit the taste of their 
occupants. The houses are two stories, 
thus giving- sleeping rooms upstairs, where the atmosphere 
is somewhat dryer than on the ground floor. There are 
grates in them and coal is used for fuel. "We have chairs, 
tables, beds, etc., and live just as we do in America. Those 
who live in native houses, as nearly all who live in in- 
terior cities do, vary in their ways of furnishing them 
just as their individual tastes differ. Some take furniture 
and try to make the native house look as much like an 
American house as possible, while others prefer the pretty 
Japanese rooms bare of furniture, with the exception of 
dining- room and bedroom. Those who are settled per- 
manently have some heavy furniture, but those who expect 
to move every year or so have only wire cots for beds, a 
rocking-chair to rest in when tired sitting on the floor, a 
tin oven for baking - bread over the Japanese brazier, and a 
few other articles that can be easily packed. Anywhere 
one g-oes straight chairs and rough tables can be rented. 
Some years ago when everything tended toward Western 
things many houses were furnished in European style, but 

165 



166 THE PEST OF MOSQUITOES— 

since the reaction in favor of their own home comforts 
these thing's have been put away in their storehouses. In 
many of the places where we live the Christians own such 
furniture and are glad to loan it to us. 

The mosquito net is one part of the furnishings that is 
universally used, it matters not what kind of a house one 
has. A net is made large enough to cover the bed and ex- 
tend out around it far enough for one to walk around, can- 
dle in hand, and search for the intruders. Nails are driv- 
en in the four corners of the room and strings from the 
four corners of the net tied to them. It is sometimes 
necessary to stretch the net for a sitting room, placing - a 
lamp stand and chairs under it. In Osaka nets are used six 
months in the year, and further south a much longer time. 
We are tortured by mosquitoes but are not bothered with 
flies. During- the daytime the house can be wide open and 
an afternoon nap is not disturbed. 

If we live in a European bouse, or in a native house 
and have our sitting room furnished in European style, we 
entertain our guests in our own way, sitting - in chairs. If 
our sitting room is furnished in Japanese style we enter- 
tain in their way, sitting on the floor on small cushions. 
In our style of houses we wear our shoes, but in native 
houses we remove them and put on slippers without heels. 
Shoes with heels make heel marks all over the mats. I 
lived in a European house in Osaka but was for several 
months at a time in the interior with Miss Leavitt, where 
we lived more in native style. 

All missionaries are settled in homes, though many of 
them spend a great deal of their time traveling. When 
Dr. Kate Bushnell and her co-laborer were making their 
tour around the world in the interest of the Woman's Chris- 
tian Temperance Union work they spent some time in Ja- 
pan, and Miss Jennie Preeland and I had the pleasure of 
entertaining - them at dinner. We invited the ladies of the 



HOME LIFE AND KEEPING OPEN HOUSE 



1G7 



concession to come and spend, the afternoon with them. In 
the course of the afternoon Dr. Bushnell remarked that 
one of the pleasant features she had noticed on mission 
fields was the single ladies settled in homes : two, three, or 
four together, and entertaining- their friends as the families 
did. She had always supposed that we boarded and really 
had no home life. Besides the social life among ourselves 
as missionaries, we are living among a social people, and 






THE YAOYA (GEOCBRYMAN) 
As He Appears at Our Doors Daily with Fresh Fruit aud Vegetables. 

our homes are open to our Japanese friends at all times. 
We receive their hospitalities in their homes and we wish 
to show the same courtesy to them. 

As to our eating - , the chapter on fruits, vegetables, and 
meats shows what the countiy affords, and once or twice a 
year we order from San Francisco flour, crackers, cereals, 
salt meats, coffee, butter, and canned goods. The latter 



168 PLEASURES AND ENJOYMENTS— 

are needed when traveling or when living in interior towns 
some distance from city markets. We can purchase all 
these things in the open ports, but get cheaper and fresher 
goods by doing our own ordering. 

As to pleasures and enjoyments, they can be had any- 
where and we have our share. One of the greatest pleas- 
ures, I think, is the coming- of the American mail, which is 
about every ten days. We know when the ships are due 
and welcome the news, "The ship is in," and then count 
the hours that it will require to bring the mail by rail to us. 

In Osaka we have social meeting-s occasionally. Some- 
times we have a literary programme and at other times a 
musical. The musicals held during my stay were instruct- 
ive as well as entertaining, for there was some splendid 
musical talent, and the time was well spent in practicing- 
difficult music. 

On the Sabbath, besides attending- the regular Japanese 
church services, both morning- and evening, we have our 
own English service. Missionaries of all denominations 
gather in the chapel of Wilmina School at four o'clock and 
the men take turns in preaching. There is a committee of 
women who make out a list of the preachers, placing a date 
opposite the name of each. A copy is given to each man 
and he is responsible for the sermon on the date opposite 
his name. If he cannot fill that date he exchanges with one 
whose date he can fill. Thus we have a sermon in our own 
language each week. Occasionally we have special music 
prepared. We also observe Thanksgiving- and the Week of 
Prayer with appropriate services. 

Missionaries' children have their Christian Endeavor 
Society on Saturday. Mrs. G. W. Van Horn has been their 
efficient leader for several years. 

The study of the native language must not be omitted 
from the home life of a missionary. During the first three 
years on the field, the native teacher is a daily visitor. 



EDUCATING MISSIONARIES' CHILDREN 169 

Each person has regular hours for study and recitation. 
We have a three years' course with annual examinations. 
Rev. J. B. Hail, D.D., and Miss Julia L. Leavitt, the pio- 
neer missionaries of both boards, compose our examining 
committee. 

I would not pass by another feature of home life in 
missionary families, that of educating their children. The 
missionary wives of Osaka have what they call the Moth- 
ers' School. They have a room where the children assem- 
ble, and one mother goes at S.EO o'clock and stays until 9 to 
teach vocal music ; another comes in at 9 and teaches read- 
ing ; another at 10 for arithmetic ; and so on during - the 
day, each one having regular hours and branches to teach. 
When the second comes the first goes home ; when the 
third, the second goes, and so on all through the day, five 
days in the week, four weeks in the month, and nine months 
in the year. The music teacher spends only a half hour a 
day in the schoolroom, but on special days and hours each 
child old enough to take instrumental music goes to her 
home and receives instructions. Often missionaries who 
had no children of their own devoted a few hours each 
week to some special branch which is needed. There was 
no money consideration connected with the school, except 
renting and furnishing the room. It was purely a work of 
love for the missionary children, who would otherwise be 
deprived of an education. When they g - raduate from this 
school they are ready for college. Then comes the real 
trial of missionary life, sending - the children home to finish 
their education. 

For daily exercise and recreation we had a tennis court, 
and when the day's work was done I went there with as 
much zeal and earnestness as if I were g'oing - to teach a 
class, feeling it my duty to do that, just as much as it was 
my duty to do any other hour's work of the day. If, for 
any reason, I failed to g - et the necessary exercise the night 



170 WHY MISSIONARIES GO TO THE MOUNTAINS— 

was a restless one and the next day's work a drag. We 
need, and must have, more outdoor life in Japan than in 
America to keep in health. 

I have also been asked if the missionaries keep help. 
They do ; their time is so taken up with regular and irreg- 
ular work, and there are so many duties of vastly more 
importance crowding upon us and calling - for attention, 
that there is no time left for looking after housekeeping, 
when that can be done by others just as well. Besides, the 
missionary is necessarily away from home a g - reat deal and 
must have some one to "keep the house." 

I have been asked, too, "Why do the missionaries go 
to the mountains in summer?" Because the weather is ex- 
tremely warm and the climate weakening, and very little 
could be accomplished were we to remain at our posts. 
Staying in a place like Osaka the latter part of July and 
August is not only torture, but unfits one for the work 
during - the year. The native people who are accustomed to 
the heat do not suffer as we do. Missionaries living in 
more healthful places do not suffer so much, though Miss 
Agnes Morgan, of Wakayama, wrote, after staying at home 
most of the summer : 

" August was hot. Everybody said last year was unusually hot, but it 
was just as universally the opinion that this year was still hotter. It was 
foolish to go out on the streets in the heat of the day (from 8 o'clock A.M. till 
6 p.m.), and no woman would have welcomed us in her house had we ven- 
tured to go. It was as much as they could do to acomplish their necessary 
household tasks. In the evening the mosquitoes were too vexatious to let 
one work in any way, and a light" for reading was hot. I packed up and 
went away for two weeks where it was easy to put away work and thoughts 
of work, and talked with friends and played in the sea, and really rested. I 
came back feeling much better, and think I am quite ready for a good year's 
work." 

The most frequented mountain resorts are so near that 
the men can make regular trips to and from their work, 
and do about all that can be done during - the hot season. 



GREAT HEAT IN OSAKA 



171 



Those who do not make the trips can do a great deal of 
preparatoiy work, such as writing out sermons, talks, etc. 
Mrs. G. G. Hudson who, with her family, was in Kat- 
suoji, wrote : 

" We are only ten miles from Osaka, 
where the children can play in the wild 
woods that surround the house. I do 
not know what we would do if it were 
not for the hills so near our home. The 
temperature is about fifteen degrees 
lower here than in the city, where it 
stands at about one hundred degrees. 
To say that the heat is such and such 
does not tell all by half. It is usually 
so moist that nothing' will keep, but 
sours and molds. The children seem to 
lose appetite and sleep and break out 
with heat in the city, besides the mos- 
quito bites are annoying. These in- 
sects swarm by the millions in July 
and August. But the children enjoy 
the stay here and make the woods ring 
with their merry voices. It is the only 
sound I hear except the sighing of the 
pine trees. There are few or no birds ; 
we miss them in the mornings. We 
hear the clapping' of hands now and 
then in the early morning hours. We 
are near sotne old temples, and some priest or pilgrim worshiping the sun 
claps his hands and murmurs a prayer. The Hail children, roamed these 




WATERFALL AT AEIMA. 



Noel take to it to some extent. We are about as convenient to our work as 
when at home. Mr. Hudson has been down in the city several times. He 
says the people stay in the darkest, coolest rooms they have till the sun goes 
down, then they bring- out a bit of matting to sit upon, and sit and fan 
themselves till the house is cool enough to sleep in. They would not go to a 
chapel, but there are fine opportunities for street and park meetings." 

At Arima, the most frequented mountain resort of the 
south, the missionaries of Southern Japan, Corea, and Chi- 
na hold an annual conference during one week in August. 
At this conference numerous phases of the work are con- 
sidered, and special seasons of prayer are held daily. We 




I 



- 



172 



A SUMMER ASSEMBLY AT AIMMA 



17:; 



are thus refreshed spirit- 
ually while our bodies are 
renewed by the mountain 
air. 

M rs. X. A. Lyon, who 
Lives at Tsu, Ise, where 
she never hears a sermon 
in her own Language, and 
where there are no mis- 
sionaries <■ x cep t M rs. 
I >rennan and herself, says : 




HOTEL AT AltlMA. 



"I Like these summer assem 

lilies. The t i is p ro f i t a li 1 v 

spent in learning about each other's work. We And thai others are strug- 
gling just as hard as we an- to overcome tin: same <] illieiill ies, and we Can 

join our mutual prayers to the one Father Eor blessings on the work and 
people. The work of the missionary is a sort of pouring out, and il is good 
om:.: in awhile to go to some place to gel a refilling and replenishing, and 

we come back rested and refreshed, and ready lor more and better work lor 

the dear Master." 





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174 




Chapter XIV 

Foreign Missions 



T this, the close of the nineteenth century, when the 
world is so closely connected by railroads and steam- 
ships, it seems that we could lose sight of the word 
"foreign" and say only missions. It makes no differ- 
ence in what country we live, whether we are black, 
white, red, or brown, we are all human beings, created 
by the same God, and we have had planted within us a 
soul that was intended to make us a higher order of 
beings than the rest of the animal creation. God has 
seen fit to place us in different divisions of this great 
and beautiful world of his ; to allow those of different 
localities to be of different colors, to speak different 
languages, and have widely different customs, but' we 
are all the children of one Father. The same sun 
shines upon and for us all. 

'' They 're not our own. you answer, 

They 're neither kith nor kin. 
They are God's own ; his love alone 

Can save them from their sin ; 
They are Christ's own ; 
He left his throne 

And died their souls to win." 



God has placed us here for a little while in this garden 
of preparation and development ; he has given us intellect, 
power of thought and decision ; he has laid before us his 
plan of salvation and allows us to choose our own path. He 
sent his only begotten Son to suffer and die for us that we 
should be saved by faith in him. That suffering was more 
than physical suffering : it was the heart bleeding for the 
sins of the world. It was my sin and yours : it was the 
sins of the people of England, of Russia, of Mexico, of 
China, of India, and of Japan, and of all other nations of 



175 




176 



BURDEN OF SIN— 



the earth that caused that 
agonizing in the garden of 
Gethsemane. It was for 
us all that he suffered. 

Let me ask you, father, 
mother, sister, or brother, 
What does it mean to you 
to feel the weight of the 
sin of your son, your 
daughter, 3^our sister, or 
brother? What is to be 
compared to that pain that 
makes the heart almost 
burst and the brain wild ? 
If we suffer so on account 
of the sins of our dear 
ones, what must have been 
the sufferings of Christ 
for the millions of the 
world ; and if he agonized 
for the sins of the people 
of this world regardless 
of nationality, race, or 
color, should not his re- 
deemed ones be willing to 
lend a hand in helping to carry out his plans for saving 
them ? The all- wise and all-powerful God might have done 
this work himself, but that is not his plan. He has willed 
that we shall assist in evano-elizin»' the world, thus giving' 
us the blessed privilege of being co-workers with him. He 
gives each redeemed soul the privilege of showing his ap- 
preciation of what has been done for him. If Christ is not 
dear to us, if we do not fully appreciate his love, we care 
nothing about telling it to others, but if Christ is our life, 
our all, we want to share that blessing with others. If we 



AVENUE LEADING TO TEMPLE IN NARA, 
Small Fox Shrine at the Right. 



178 CARRYING THE GOSPEL TO 

love him as we should we will keep his commandments, and 
we cannot help loving' and doing all we can for the salvation 
of those who do not know him. There must be that agoniz- 
ing for souls before we are willing to give either our means 
or ourselves to the work. Christ's last words to his disci- 
ples before he ascended were : 

" Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature. He 
that believeth and is baptized, shall be saved ; but he that believeth not 
shall be damned." Mark 16: IS, 16. 

" Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of 
the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost ; teaching- them to 
observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you : and, lo, I am with 
you alway, even unto the end of the world. Amen." Matt. 28: 19, 20. 

Eig-hteen hundred years have passed since these 
words were uttered. We, as dutiful children, try to exe- 
cute our earthly fathers' wills, then why are we so slow in 
doing our heavenly Father's will? Christ had his disciples 
around him and told them his will, and his will is the 
Father's will, and we have it recorded by them. They 
have borne witness to it and let us know it. Have we any 
right to ignore it? 

Dear Christian friends, God has left so much of the 
responsibility of evangelizing- the world in our hands that 
we can either help or hinder in giving or withholding our 
means, our influence, or ourselves from the work. The 
children of Israel were forty years, the ordinary lifetime 
of man, going - from bondage in Egypt to the promised land, 
Canaan. Had they trusted God as they should have done, 
they could have accomplished it in a much shorter time. 
Sometimes they traveled on trusting- God, at other times 
they forgot him and complained bitterly at their hard lot- 
Only two of all the numerous thousands of grown people who 
started were allowed to enter Canaan. The others died on 
the way and their children possessed the land. They had 
to grow spiritually fit before they were given victory. 



OTHER PEOPLE 



179 




So must the church of 
to-day grow spiritually fit 
before she can go in and 
possess all the lands tying 
in darkness. She is grow- 
ing and developing, but 
there is still danger that 
many of us will go to our 
graves before the triumph 
of the church in possess- 
ing these lands for God is 
seen. "We p r a y daily, 
"Thy kingdom come, thy 
will be done in earth as it 
is in heaven." Do we re- 
alty want God's will done 
here on earth? He will 
reign in every heart that 
wants him. When he 
reigns in every individual 
heart his reign will be es- 
tablished on earth. Shall we not each one ask ourselves 
the question, "Is Christ reigning supremely in my heart, 
or will I soon reach the end of this earthly pilgrimage 
without having attained the development that was possible 
for me as a child of God?" What we do for his cause is a 
good index of our spiritual life. 

In talking- of missions we so often hear it said, "I be- 
lieve in home missions but not in foreign." In most cases 
these people do little or nothing at all for missions, either 
"home" or "foreign." Methinks if gold or silver were 
not needed in fulfilling this command that everj- human 
being would be willing- for others to have salvation. There 
is a g-reat deal to be done here at home, and it ought to be 
done speedily, but so ought the gospel be carried to people 



Traveling Priests, who go from hou*e to house. One rings 
the bell and the other carries the contribution box and im- 
age. Having received the contribution, he turns the image 
toward the worshiper without removing it from his back. 




180 



GIVING FOR THE 



Image of Buddha at Katsuoji. A Priest 
and two girls on the steps. 



who have never so much as heard that 
there is a God in heaven or a Savior 
who died for their salvation. 

Had God not intended that we should 
teach all nations he would not have told 
us to do it. He knew it would require 
time, men, and money, but all these are 
his. All the riches of this world are 
his. He made the earth for his children 
to dwell on. He made the pure water 
to come from the earth for our drink. 
He has provided the soil and the seeds 
to be planted, and gives the sunshine 
and rain to make our labor productive. 

We are his to be used in his service. To some of us he 

gives one part of the work, to others, another. Some are 

to be wholly g'iven to the work of teaching, others to the 

caring for the things of this world and honoring God with 

their substance. The person who lives for God on the 

farm, in the shop, in the store, in the home, and gives of 

his earning's 

to support 

those who go 

to teach, is 

as surely 

p r eaching 

the gospel as 

those who do 

the teaching. 
In making 

these plans 

God knew 

what the cir- 

cum stances 

would be. 




Images in a Temple. Incense Urn in front of the larger one. 



SUPPORT OF THE GOSPEL 



181 



He knew that human beings had no power to transport 
themselves from one country to another, and that they 
could not live without the necessaries of life, hence he 
made provision for all these things in telling his people to 
give as the Lord prospers them for the support of his 
cause. The more we are blessed with the things of this 
world the more God expects of us. The sooner we realize 
that the world and all in it (all of us included) are God's to 




PILGRIMS GOING- TO WORSHIP. 

be used for his glory, the sooner will his reign take place 
on earth. 

Under the Jewish dispensation of the gospel the peo- 
ple were required to give one-tenth of .all their increase to 
the Lord. Nowhere in the New Testament are we told not 
to do that. We are told to g-ive as the Lord prospers us, 
and I believe we are just as much under obligation to give 
a tenth to-day. I believe, too, that the person who does it 




182 



SEEK WHILE 



Y. M. C. A. BUILDING, OHAKA. 



will be Messed more abun- 
dantly, spiritually and tem- 
porally. 

Do "all nations "and "all 
the world" mean America? 
Do we Christian people 
wiint to pray the prayer, 
"O Lord, bless me and my 
wife, my son John and his 
wife, us four and no more?" Do we pray, "0 Lord, save us 
Americans and let all the rest of those people go into eter- 
nity not knowing that a Savior died for them?" 

Some are ready to say, Let those alone who never 
heard of Christ; they will be saved because they are igno- 
rant; because it was not possible for them to hear; they 
did not have a preacher. 

It is not given me to know just what a merciful God 
will do with those who never heard of a Savior, but it is my 
business to know whether I do what he commands me or 
not. He says, "Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ and thou 
shalt he saved." If I believe on the Lord Jesus Christ I 
will accept him fully in every particular, and will do to the 
best of my ability what he tells me to do. He says, "Go 
preach my gospel to every creature." 

There is one thing sure, we cannot plead ignorance in 
the day of judgment when the Master asks, "Why did you 
not obey my commands? Why did yon not tell all my 
children that there was a Savior for them?" We cannot 
say, "*> Lord, we did not know that yon wanted us to 
prea.<-h the gospel; we did not know that there were mill- 
ions of people who knew nothing about the Christ." We 
have God's word which tells us our duties plainly enough, 
but we do not read it at all, or we try to believe that it does 
not mean what it says. 

Dear Christian friends, I do not say these things be- 



IIM MAY !.$U l-'ollM) 



183 



cause I am a missionary, arid especially interested Ln the 
Japanese people whom I love dearly, but it was these con- 
victions which Led me to be a missionary. If it were in my 
power to place before your eyes in panoramic view, Japan 
with all her graven images; her magnificent temples dedi- 
cated to her numerous gods made of gold, silver, brass, 
wood, and stone; her millions of people making pilg'rimages 
over the country to the different places of worship, being 




Temple Sate and Gtod at which Prayurw uro Thrown. 



Careful not to miss any lest that special god be angry and 
bring suffering and punishment upon them; her millions 
who, at the peep of day, watch for the rising sun, and with 
clasped hands and closed eyes pay adoration to it, the high- 
est object they have any knowledge of, methinks many 
hearts would grow tender, and many more offerings would 
be Laid on the Lord's altar, and many more prayers ascend 
to the throne that these things might all be changed, and 



184 



CONDITIONS BEING CHANGED— A GREAT 



that the people of Japan might know God, the Creator of all 
things, and worship him in spirit and in truth. 

These conditions are being changed, but it will require 
men and women, time and money, to complete these 
changes. A flourishing church is doing a good work, but a 
population of 40,072,020 cannot be Christianized in a day. 
Years of training and fostering the native church are 
needed before it will be able to undertake the work alone. 




IMAGES ON A TEMPLE WALL. 



There is a widespread mistaken idea that as soon as an idol- 
atrous people are converted they are almost perfection. 
Does our better judg-ment lead us to think that a people 
who have never known God would in a few years reach a 
higher standard of Christian living than we have who have 
had back of us the training - of nearly two thousand years ? 

There are now 40,980 Christians in Japan and 423 
churches, with 308 ordained ministers. Christians of all 



TURNING TO THE LORD ANTICIPATED 185 

the established denominations have missionaries on the 
field ; the Young Men's Christian Association, the Woman's 
Christian Temperance Union, the Salvation Army, and the 
Red Cross Society are represented, and Japan is being won 
for Christ. It was my privilege at one time to attend, at 
the close of the week of prayer service, a union communion 
service held in the Young Men's Christian Association 
building - in Osaka. There were in attendance over five 
hundred Christians. I do not know that I ever attended a 
larger communion service anywhere. It was encouraging 
to see so large a body of Japanese Christians together. 
Christianity is making herself felt. Buddhism is begin- 
ning' to quake under the pressure. Her priests are bestir- 
ing - themselves as never before. They are starting - boys' 
schools, girls' schools, Young People's Buddhist Endeavor 
societies, and in many ways are copying after Christianity 
and Christian institutions. There are many other people 
over the country who have given up the worship of idols and 
say that they believe in our Christian religion, which teach- 
es that there is but one God, Creator of all things, who is 
the true one. They are not ready for various reasons to 
openly acknowledge it and espouse its cause. They are 
watching its progress, watching the daily life of the mis- 
sionary and that of the professed followers of Christ 
among - their own people. I believe the day is not far dis- 
tant when there will be a g - reat turning to the Lord in 
Japan. 

Do not think of these people as wild and uncultured. 
They are an intelligent nation, with an intense love for the 
beautiful, such as they find in nature. Their works of art 
are something grand and take their places along with those 
of Western nations. Many of their homes are homes of 
plenty, showing - comfort and refinement as well as beauty. 
They have their rich people as well as their poor. Life is 
as dear to them as to any of us. Like every other human 



186 PUZZLING QUESTIONS— HEROIC STRUGGLE 

being-, from an impulse divinely implanted in them, they 
look forward to a life beyond this. They try in every way 
to appease the wrath of their gods, and think that in some 
way or other, after having been born over and over again 
into higher being-s, they will after awhile rest in Nirvana, 
the Buddhist heaven. Women hope that when their souls 
leave their bodies at death, they may be born again men, 
and thus reach one step higher. 

We know whom we serve, and "that He is able to keep 
that which we have committed unto him ag'ainst that day." 
Shall we not tell the Japanese people that they may have 
the same joy of serving - in this life, and the sweet assur- 
ance that a loving Father waits to welcome them home ? 

" Bear the cup of loving- service, 

To the weary and the sad, 
For the draught outheld to others 

Makes the giver more than glad ; 
So 't will yield a double blessing, 

Waking sweetest chords of praise ; 
While we strive to follow Jesus 

In his pleasant, peaceful ways." 

Does some one ask, "If they are such an intelligent 
people why do they worship these idols '? ' ' My dear read- 
er, ask yourself the question, "What would I believe if I 
had never seen the Bible, if I had never so much as heard 
of God or of Christ?" With nothing- but the lig-ht of na- 
ture and man's own inventive mind, I doubt if we would 
have been wiser. The children of Israel, though having- 
a knowledge of God, became discouraged when their leader, 
Moses, was absent from them but a short time, on the 
mount communing with God, and asked that gods be made 
for them. 

I hear again, "Well, if these people have fine homes 
and means there is no use of us spending our money in 
sending missionaries to them." Again let me ask, "Do 
our wealthy people who are not Christians give of their 



TO GIVE THE GOSPEL TO JAPAN 187 

means to support the gospel? Do thej^ help to spread a 
gospel of love that they care nothing for themselves?" 
No ; neither will the wealthy people of Japan give their 
money to the support of this work in their country until 
they have been made recipients of God's love and grace. 
Then will the Lord's money pour into the treasury of the 
church, and she will be as able to take care of her own 
work as we are of ours, and not only that, but she will be 
enabled to carry the gospel lig - ht farther into the Orient. 
I have faith to believe that Japan is destined to be one of 
the nations to help Christianize the great Eastern world. 
This work of evangelizing the world belongs to God and his 
redeemed children, and it is by us and the means he has 
intrusted to our keeping that it is to be done. Let us all 
ask ourselves the question, "Am I doing - what the Lord 
would have me do? Am I acting - the part of the good stew- 
ard over the money intrusted to me ? ' ' 

Our little band of Cumberland Presbyterians is strug- 
gling - heroically to do its share in giving the gospel light to 
Japan, but it is not strong enough. Many places are ask- 
ing for a resident missionary and there is no one to go. 
Men and women are ready to go, not only to Japan, but 
anywhere the Lord calls them. 

While giving of our means let us not forget to pray for 
our missionaries, the church's representatives, that they 
may have power in leading souls to Christ. Let us ask 
great things of God and then put forth every possible 
effort ourselves, trusting him for the rest. 

" To the ends of the earth let the call resound — 
Christ for the world ! Christ for the world ! 
That his praise ma)' be spoken the world around— 

Christ for the world ! we sing-. 
By the power of the cross shall the world be swayed, 
In the love of the cross all its ills be stayed, 
In the light of the cross all its false lights fade- 
Christ for the world ! we sing-." 



NPB 



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